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Benedict of Poland

Benedict of Poland (Latin: Benedictus Polonus, Polish Benedykt Polak) (c. 1200 – c. 1280) was a Polish Franciscan friar, traveler, explorer, and interpreter.

Commemorative plaque for Benedict of Poland in Wrocław

Benedict accompanied Giovanni da Pian del Carpine in his journey as delegate of Pope Innocent IV to the Great Khan Güyük of the Mongol Empire in 1245–1247. He was probably the first Polish person to ever travel to China.[1] Little is known about Benedict's life beyond the story of the journey.

He may have been taken prisoner during the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1241.[2] He was well educated and spoke and wrote Latin, Polish, and Old Ruthenian. That he knew Old Ruthenian in particular implies he may have hailed from the east of Poland or that he spent time at the court of a duke with a Ruthenian wife. While Slavic languages were more closer than they are today, fluency required regular practice.[3] He had become a friar in the Franciscan friary in Wrocław about 1236. This was the first major stop of Friar Giovanni after leaving on the mission from Lyon in April 1245. Benedict was chosen to accompany him as an interpreter because he had also acquired a knowledge of the Old East Slavic language and the first part of their journey was to Kyiv. He may have even acquired some Mongolian as a prisoner.[2]

Benedict was chosen for the journey due to Friar Stephen of Bohemia falling ill en route.[4] Stephen was made to stay behind in the Mongol camp in Coman territory, because of his illness and the common practice to have members of foreign missions be hostages in Tatar territory.[5] The objective of the journey was to obtain peace, convert the Mongols to Christianity, and spy on their military organization.[6] On the journey, Benedict and Giovanni stayed in the camp of Batu Khan, the eldest son of Jochi and grandson to Chinggis.[7]

Benedict was the author of the brief chronicle De itinere Fratrum Minorum ad Tartaros (On the Journey of the Franciscan Friars to the Tatars), not published until 1839 in France, and a year later in Poland, and the source for a longer work, Hystoria Tartarorum (History of the Tatars), discovered later and eventually published in 1965.[8] The report of Benedict includes a copy of the letter of the Great Khan to the Pope.[9] De Itinere Fratrum Minorum ad Tartaros, which is an account of the first expedition of Europeans to the capital of the Mongol Empire, which lasted from April 16, 1245 to November 18, 1247.

Benedict made his accounts of the journey during and after their return in 1247. After returning from the voyage he became guardian of the Franciscans[5] at the Franciscan monastery in Kraków where he spent the rest of his life. Later he was also a witness at the canonization of Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów in 1252.[9]

References

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  1. ↑ Góralczyk, Bogdan (2017). "The Polish Ambassador of the Chinese Emperor". Rivista degli studi orientali. 90: 19–32. ISSN 0392-4866.
  2. 1 2 Guzman, Gregory G. "European Captives and Craftsmen among the Mongols, 1231–1255". The Historian, Vol. 72, No. 1 (2010), note 110. JSTOR 24455008
  3. ↑ Szyjanowski, Robert. "Pierwsza Wyprawa Śladami Benedykta Polaka". Archived from the original on 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2025-12-16.
  4. ↑ Phillips, Kim M. (2014). Before Orientalism: Asian Peoples and Cultures in European Travel Writing, 1245-1510. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4548-6.
  5. 1 2 Czarnowus, Anna (July 2014). "The Mongols, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe: The Mirabilia Tradition in Benedict of Poland's Historia Tartarorum and John of Plano Carpini's Historia Mongalorum". Literature Compass. 11 (7): 484–495. doi:10.1111/lic3.12150. ISSN 1741-4113. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10.
  6. ↑ Bressan, L. (1997). "ODORIC OF PORDENONE (1265-1331). His vision of China and South-East Asia and his contribution to relations between Asia and Europe". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 70 (2 (273)): 1–23. ISSN 0126-7353.
  7. ↑ Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (2018). "Mongols, Mosques and Mausoleums". China’s Early Mosques: 92–118 – via JSTOR.
  8. ↑ Edward Kajdański: Długi cień Wielkiego Muru, Warsaw, 2005 (in Polish)
  9. 1 2 Biography of Benedict (in Polish)

See also

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