Wikipedia

Bedtime Stories (Madonna album)

Bedtime Stories is the sixth studio album by American singer Madonna, released on October 24, 1994, by Maverick and Sire Records. In 1992, Madonna released her fifth studio album Erotica, the coffee table book Sex, and starred in the erotic thriller Body of Evidence. Due to their sexually explicit nature, all three projects were negatively received by critics and fans, who felt Madona had "gone too far" and that her career was over. Madonna decided that she needed to soften her image if she wanted to regain her audience. The first attempt was the ballad "I'll Remember" from the soundtrack to the 1994 film With Honors, which received positive reviews and reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100. For her sixth studio album, Madonna decided to incorporate R&B elements, and collaborated with Babyface, Dallas Austin, and Dave Hall. She also chose to explore the British club musical scene, where genres such as dub had been growing in popularity, and hired producer Nellee Hooper.

Bedtime Stories
A woman lying on a bed, wearing heavy makeup with her hand to her head, with "Madonna" written in pink capital letters, while "Bedtime Stories" is written in sky-blue capital letters.
Cover used for international, vinyl, and digital releases[a]
Studio album by
Madonna
ReleasedOctober 24, 1994
RecordedFebruary–August 1994
Studio
  • Axis Studios, The Hit Factory, Soundworks (New York City)
  • Chappell Studios (Los Angeles)
  • The Music Grinder (Hollywood)
  • DARP Studios, Tea Room (Atlanta)
  • The Enterprise (Burbank)
  • Wild Bunch Studios (London)
Genre
Length51:50
Label
Producer
Madonna chronology
Erotica
(1992)		 Bedtime Stories
(1994)		 Something to Remember
(1995)
Singles from Bedtime Stories
  1. "Secret"
    Released: September 20, 1994
  2. "Take a Bow"
    Released: December 6, 1994
  3. "Bedtime Story"
    Released: February 13, 1995
  4. "Human Nature"
    Released: May 30, 1995

A pop album with elements of hip hop and R&B, Bedtime Stories explores lyrical themes of love and romance, but with a toned-down, less sexual approach. In the song "Human Nature", Madonna addresses the backlash and controversy surrounding her previous projects, while "Bedtime Story" was a collaboration with Icelandic singer Björk. To promote Bedtime Stories, Madonna performed at the 1995 American Music and Brit Awards. A concert tour was canceled when Madonna was cast as Eva Perón in the 1996 musical film Evita. The album yielded two Hot 100 top-three singles, "Secret" and "Take a Bow"; the latter spent seven weeks at number one on the chart. Follow-ups "Bedtime Story" and "Human Nature" reached the top ten of the UK singles chart.

Critics reacted positively to the album for moving away from Erotica's explicit content toward a smoother, more subtly seductive approach. Additionally, it was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 38th Grammy Awards. The album debuted and peaked at number three on the US Billboard 200 and was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It reached number one in Australia, and charted within the top five in many other countries, including Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Worldwide, Bedtime Stories has sold an estimated eight million copies. In retrospective reviews, it has been referred to as one of Madonna's most important yet underrated albums. Bedtime Stories has also been credited as the album that started the "second phase" of Madonna's career, which began in the mid-to-late 1990s. The album's influence has been noted in the work of contemporary artists.

In 2025, Madonna announced a companion extended play titled Bedtime Stories: The Untold Chapter, containing songs that did not make the final cut along with reissues of the original studio album to commemorate Bedtime Stories's 30th anniversary.

Background

edit

In 1992, Madonna released her fifth studio album Erotica, the coffee table book Sex, and starred in the erotic thriller Body of Evidence. Due to their sexually explicit nature, all three projects were negatively received by critics and fans alike; some called Madonna a sexual renegade and felt she had "gone too far" and that her career was over.[2] In March 1994, Madonna appeared on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman. The appearance was noted for a controversial series of statements and antics by Madonna, which included many expletives. In particular, she said the word fuck fourteen times throughout the interview. This made the episode the most censored in American network television talk-show history while at the same time garnering host David Letterman some of the highest ratings he ever received;[3] nonetheless, critics commented that Madonna had reached her "lowest low".[4] Regarding this controversial period, Madonna recalled: "I feel I've been misunderstood. I tried to make a statement about feeling good about yourself and exploring your sexuality, but people took it to mean that everyone should go out and have sex with everyone [...] I decided to leave it alone because that's what everyone ended up concentrating on".[5] Madonna came to the conclusion that she needed to "soften" her image in order to reconnect with her audience.[6]

The "first step toward redeeming herself" was the ballad "I'll Remember", recorded for the film With Honors (1994). The song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, and received positive critical feedback.[7] For her sixth studio album, Madonna decided to venture into the R&B and hip hop styles then dominating the charts in the early-to-mid 1990s.[6] She envisioned the album as being stylistically different from Erotica; "I wanted to make something else [...] an R&B-influenced record, which is in a way going back to my roots, because my very first record was more R&B", she explained.[8]

Development

edit

"Once [Madonna] got her ideas out, she was open to your ideas. You didn't want to go in with her and right off the bat say, 'Well, I hear this,' because she was so specific and articulate. She already had the sound in her head. But after she'd spoken, we'd put our two cents in. We always had ideas, like, 'Can we answer this line with an extra "survival" [in the background]?'".

— Backup singer Donna De Lory on working with Madonna on Bedtime Stories.[9]

Bedtime Stories was recorded at nine different studios: Axis, The Hit Factory, and Soundworks Studios in New York City; Los Angeles' Chappell Studios; the DARP Studios and Tea Room in Atlanta; The Enterprise in Burbank; Hollywood's Music Grinder, and the Wild Bunch Studios in London.[10][11] The project saw Madonna collaborating with some of R&B's "heavyweights", including Babyface, Dallas Austin, and Dave Hall.[8] It became one of the few occasions on which she worked with high-profile producers, the first since Nile Rodgers on Like a Virgin (1984).[12] Initial recording sessions were with Shep Pettibone, who had worked with Madonna on Erotica. However, she felt that what they were doing was too similar to that album and dismissed Pettibone.[13]

Being a fan of Babyface's song "When Can I See You" (1994), Madonna decided to work with him because she wanted "lush ballads" for the album.[9] They worked on three songs at his home studio in Beverly Hills, including "Forbidden Love" and "Take a Bow", both of which ended up on the album.[9] Recalling the latter's development, Babyface explained: "I wasn't so much thinking about the charts. I think I was more in awe of the fact that I was working with Madonna. It was initially surreal, but then you get to know the person a little bit, and you calm down and then it's just work. And work is fun". In the case of "Forbidden Love", "[Madonna] heard the basic track and it all started coming out, melodies and everything... It was a much easier process than I thought it would be".[9] Through Babyface, she met Dallas Austin, producer of Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip (1992) and The Pendulum Vibe (1994), the debut albums of TLC and Joi.[14] They created "Secret", "Don't Stop", and "Sanctuary"; the first was produced in its demo form by Pettibone, under the name "Something's Coming Over Me". Austin then reworked the demo and made it a different song musically.[15] "Human Nature" was written alongside Hall as an answer song to the backlash Madonna had endured over the previous two years for "daring to deal with subjects that are taboo [...] I'm saying [in the song] that I'm turning my back [to the media]. I'm not sorry".[13] The song "I'd Rather Be Your Lover" was recorded as a duet with rapper Tupac Shakur, whom Madonna was romantically involved with at the time.[16] The final version, however, replaced Shakur's parts with a verse by Meshell Ndegeocello. Allegedly, Madonna decided to do this to dissociate from any possible controversy after Shakur became involved in a sexual assault case.[16]

Author Lucy O'Brien noted that, although Madonna was "anxious" to make an impact in the R&B market, "her voice just wasn't powerful enough to hold and bend those deep, soulful notes".[17] Seeking another "flavor" to expand the album, Madonna turned to the British club scene, where genres such as dub had been growing in popularity through acts such as Icelandic singer Björk, and British bands Massive Attack and Soul II Soul.[17] She decided to work with several European producers and composers from the electronic scene, including British producer Nellee Hooper, who appealed to Madonna because of his "very European sensibility".[17] Madonna had Hooper and his assistant Marius de Vries flown to Los Angeles, where they created the songs "Survival" and "Inside of Me".[17] At the time, Madonna was a fan of Björk's album Debut, and, through Hooper and de Vries, contacted her and asked her to write a track for the album.[10][18] Björk was not a fan of Madonna, but was intrigued by the offer and accepted.[18] Titled "Let's Get Unconscious", the song was born out of Björk's criticism of Madonna's aesthetic and included lines such as Today is the last day that I'm using words; Björk recalled: "I couldn't really picture me doing a song that would suit Madonna [...] I decided to do this to write the things I have always wanted to hear her say that she's never said."[18] She added that she had never met Madonna, and wrote the song as a personal favor to de Vries.[19] After the demo was finished, De Vries and Hooper rearranged the track and the final version was renamed "Bedtime Story". The original demo was later reworked and released as "Sweet Intuition", which appeared as a B-side on Björk's "Army of Me" single, and was remixed on the "It's Oh So Quiet" single.[20]

Composition

edit
Meshell Ndegeocello speaking holding a mic in her left hand.
Rapper and bassist Meshell Ndegeocello (pictured in 2016) played bass and provided vocals on the album's third track, "I'd Rather Be Your Lover".

Madonna described Bedtime Stories as a "combination of pop, R&B, hip-hop and a Madonna record", with lyrics and themes she described as "romantic and very reflective".[21][8] According to Music & Media, Madonna paid "particular attention to" the sequencing of the songs, as she wanted to create a "truly cohesive" record.[8] Opener "Survival" is a "sweetly funky" song in which Madonna sings directly to the public and addresses her feelings about past controversies, according to Rikky Rooksby, author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna.[22][10] It includes lyrical nods to past songs in the verses I'll never be an Angel/I'll never be a saint, it's true, and Whether it's heaven or hell/I'm going to living to tell.[22][10][23] The next song is "Secret", which finds Madonna singing in a "husky" alto and features an "unhurried" Memphis soul beat.[22][24] It begins with the sound of her voice singing over a "rhythmic folksy" guitar, before opening up to a "sparse, retro rhythm" section.[6] According to Madonna, "Secret" addresses spirituality and self-empowerment, and contains an "Indian/Hindu philosophy which says that God lives within all of us and that happiness lies in our own hands".[21]

In the "soulful sass" of "I'd Rather Be Your Lover", Madonna "lusts after the unattainable through processes of negotiation", and lists the relationships she would rather not have: a sister, mother, friend and brother, echoing Erotica track "Where Life Begins", as noted by Matthew Rettenmund, author of Encyclopedia Madonnica.[22][23][25] The backing vocals and bass are supplied by Ndegeocello, who raps Tell me what you want/Tell me what you need.[10][25] The fourth song, "Don't Stop", has been referred to as Bedtime Stories's "sole call to the dance floor".[26] It has two lines that are almost identical to Madonna's debut single "Everybody" (1982), while its plea to get up on the dance floor echoes back to "Vogue" (1990).[23] "Inside of Me" has the same tempo as "Don't Stop" but its lyrics are more ambiguous.[27] A "heartfelt tribute to [Madonna's] mother" lies beneath "tear-stained suggestions of sex".[28] Madonna's vocals are "breathy", while instrumentation features "throbbing bass and jazzy keyboards that come with most of [Nellee] Hooper's productions".[22] Even though you're gone, love still carries on/love, inside of me, she sings on the refrain.[29]

'Human Nature'
A 29-second sample from "Human Nature". The singer herself referred to the song as her "definitive statement" in regards to the "incredible payback I've received for having the nerve to talk about the things I did in the past few years".[27]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Deemed an "unintentional sequel" to 1989's "Express Yourself", "Human Nature" is a hip-hop-influenced track that begins with a loop of heavy bass and drums.[27][30][31] Madonna constantly whispers the phrase express yourself, don't repress yourself.[27] Described as a song of rebellion, its lyrics refer to the media frenzies Madonna endured and her contempt for her critics.[22][27] Phrases such as Oops, I didn't know I couldn't talk about sex and Oops, I didn't know I couldn't speak my mind are sung by Madonna in a thin, nasal voice "dripping with sarcasm".[22][27] In "Forbidden Love", the album's seventh track, Madonna "dismisses any relationship untouched by taboo".[26] She sings in an "incredibly enticing" whisper: I know that you're no good for me/That's why I feel I must confess/What's wrong is why it feels so right/I want to feel your sweet caress.[27][31] Instrumentation is sparse, and Babyface provides backing vocals.[27] Allegedly inspired by a stripper Madonna met in a club, "Love Tried to Welcome Me" is a song that "fetishizes rejection".[32][26] The "unusually long" introduction begins with the "lush" sound of strings over acoustic guitar, while wind chimes are present on the verses.[27] Lyrically, the song addresses turning back from love, loneliness and a sense of self-alienation.[27] The chorus also paraphrases George Herbert's devotional poem Love (III), about the self-doubting poet's relationship with a loving God. The poem's opening lines "Love bade me welcome. Yet my soul drew back / Guilty of dust and sin." are paraphrased as "But love tried to welcome me / But my soul drew back / Guilty of lust and sin", playing with the original poem's themes of sin and transcendent, unconditional love for the song's discussion of erotic love and loneliness.[33][34]

"Sanctuary" quotes Walt Whitman's poem Vocalism.[32] It is a song that draws inspiration from Herbie Hancock's "Watermelon Man" (1962), and aligns love and death.[26][27] "Assorted odd noises, distant strings, and bits of electric guitar" make up the "atmospheric" introduction.[27] Verses include Who needs the sun, when the rain's so full of life/Who needs the sky/It's here in your arms I want to be buried, which is backed by a steady, R&B-influenced bassline with a sound effect that is reminiscent of a creaky bed.[27][31] The ending of "Sanctuary" is linked to the beginning of the next track, "Bedtime Story".[27] Unlike most of the songs on the album, which are heavily R&B-influenced, "Bedtime Story" is an electronica-doused track with a "trippy" vibe.[31] A hymn to the "joys of unconsciousness and a rejection of the supposed constraints of reason and language", its instrumentation is provided by "skeletal" synth arrangement and a prominent drum machine and programmed handclaps.[27]

The closing track, "Take a Bow", is a midtempo pop ballad with "a "'Sukiyaki'"-like Japanese touch".[30] The lyrics talk about a failed affair with either an actor, or someone who's "way too concerned with personal image".[35] It features "swaying strings and lush harmonies", while Madonna sings with her lower vocal register to evoke a "tender compassion".[31] The title plays on the verse in the song all the world is a stage and everyone has their part, a reference to the line by William Shakespeare in his play As You Like It: "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women mere players".[27] Babyface provides backing vocals, making the song "virtually a duet".[12]

Title and artwork

edit
Madonna's appearance on the cover for Bedtime Stories was compared to that of actress Jean Harlow (pictured).[36]

The album takes its title from the Björk-penned "Bedtime Story".[18][37] The singer chose this title because she thought of "the songs [on the album] as bedtime stories, like a tale, a story to tell".[8] Academic Georges Claude Guilbert, author of Madonna As Postmodern Myth, saw the title as a pun, and felt Madonna was referring to "(possible erotic) stories told at bedtime (in bed). In a way [the album] is really a book of stories you can tell your kids at bedtime [...] sexuality explained to children".[38] Fearing backlash, Madonna hesitated and considered changing it. She feared the public would "see innuendo and artifice where none was intended, [imagine it meant] songs for before you have sex". Eventually she gave up on the idea and thought, "fuck it, it's a beautiful title".[37]

The artwork for Bedtime Stories was shot by French photographer Patrick Demarchelier, under the artistic direction of Baron & Baron Inc., consisting of Fabien Baron and photographer Patrick Lee;[11] Sam McKnight was in charge of styling.[39] Sessions took place at the Eden Roc Miami Beach Hotel in August 1994.[40] McKnight recalled that it was a very "low-key" photo shoot, with an entourage of less than 50 people. As it took place on Madonna's birthday, it wrapped up fast so she could attend her party afterward.[41] The cover depicts her dressed in a "frothy" white negligee, with makeup "designed to flatter", as noted by the staff of Marie Claire; her hair is tousled, and she has a nose ring on.[42] According to The Advertiser's Anna Vlach, her look was based on American actress Jean Harlow.[36] British journalist Paul Du Noyer gave a detailed description of Madonna's appearance for the album:

[Madonna] looks both older and younger than she does in the photos and the videos: a little more lined and possibly tired, but also less mature and grand. Her manner is quite teenaged, not femme fatale. She seems up for mischief, and yet quite conscious of her power. At the same time, her very frankness is almost innocent. These combinations are odd, and they give her the air of a prematurely wise child. Her current style is 1930s Hollywood meets early 1970s flash: Jean Harlow and Angie Bowie. She is not bewitching, but is certainly beautiful. She wears the nose stud that so troubled Norman Mailer in a recent interview. If you saw her in the street, you'd think: she looks like a girl who looks a bit like Madonna.[43]

Matthew Rettenmund compared the cover for Bedtime Stories to that of Like a Virgin: "Take off that nose ring and squint at that white-blonde hair, and you're left with what could almost pass for a still from [...] Like a Virgin. [Madonna's] even wearing white lace [...] [the cover] screams 'Classic Madonna here, step right up!".[23] Mark Elliott of the website This Is Dig! also felt the artwork was similar to Like a Virgin's.[44] The staff of Terra compared the cover of American singer Christina Aguilera's fifth studio album, Back to Basics (2006), to Bedtime Stories.[45]

Initial pressings of the cover image show Madonna's face in an upright position. Some subsequent reissues in 1994, 1995, and 1996 show the cover image corrected to show Madonna's face in the originally intended orientation: upside down. After 1996, reissues again show her face in the upright position.

Release and promotion

edit
Madonna performing "Take a Bow" on one of the Taipei concerts of 2015–2016's Rebel Heart Tour. Released as Bedtime Stories' second single, it's her longest-running number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100.

Bedtime Stories was released in the United Kingdom on October 24, 1994, and in the United States on October 25, 1994.[46][31] Prior to its release, in mid-September, an audio file containing a message from Madonna about the album, along with a 30-second snippet of "Secret", was made available exclusively online.[9][47] Promotional spots aired on television proclaimed that the album would be devoid of sexual references, with Madonna saying: "It's a whole new me! I'm going to be a good girl, I swear."[48] In October, Madonna was interviewed by Ruby Wax in Paris.[49] According to Wax, she was intimidated by Madonna and her entourage and "[my] nerves got the best of me".[49] On February 13, 1995, Madonna appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to "make amends" for her controversial appearance the previous year.[50]

Madonna's Pajama Party was held to promote the music video for "Bedtime Story" that took place at New York City's Webster Hall on March 18, and was broadcast on MTV.[51] The singer read David Kirk's Miss Spider's Tea Party to a crowd of 2,000, while DJ Junior Vasquez played "cutting-edge" tribal and trance remixes of the song.[52][53][54] Prior to the party, the music video for "Bedtime Story" was given a cinematic release at three Odeon Cineplex theaters.[51]

Planned tour and live performances

edit

A concert tour to promote Bedtime Stories was first mentioned following its release in late October 1994.[24] In early January 1995, Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera reported that Madonna would visit Italy as part of a concert tour, set to take place in either the spring or fall of that year.[55] Two months later, the Sarasota Herald-Tribune announced that Madonna and her management had cancelled all touring plans after she was offered the role of Eva Perón in Alan Parker's film adaptation of Evita.[56][53] A shorter tour was proposed, but Madonna dismissed the idea; "[I've] waited years for this role, and I have to put every ounce of concentration into it. I love touring, and I very much want to go out with this album. But I can't, I'd be going straight from months on the road right into filming [...] It wouldn't be in the best interests of the movie for me to be at any less than my peak of energy", she explained.[53]

On January 30, 1995, Madonna performed "Take a Bow" with Babyface and a live orchestra at the 22nd Annual American Music Awards. Babyface recalled that he was "nervous as hell" during the performance, which was named the eighth best in the awards show's history by Billboard's Caitlin Kelley.[57] On February 18, Madonna sang "Secret" and "Take a Bow" on German television show Wetten, dass..?[58][59] Two days later, she performed "Bedtime Story" at the 15th edition of the Brit Awards; she wore a long white dress, waist-length flowing hair extensions, and was joined by a "trio of satin-clad male dancers".[60] Madonna again sang "Take a Bow" with Babyface at the Sanremo Music Festival on February 22.[61]

Singles

edit
Madonna singing "Bedtime Story" on the Celebration Tour (2023–2024). It reached the top five of the UK singles chart.

"Secret" was released as the album's lead single on September 20, 1994.[62][63] It received positive reviews from critics, who applauded Madonna's vocal delivery and the track's mid-tempo R&B groove, deeming it seductive and soulful.[15][64][65] It peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100, whereas in the United Kingdom it reached a peak of number five, becoming Madonna's record-breaking 35th consecutive top-ten single.[66][67][68] The black-and-white music video was directed by Melodie McDaniel, and shows Madonna as a nightclub singer in Harlem.[24][69]

Issued on December 6, the second single "Take a Bow" topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks, becoming Madonna's longest-running number one in the United States.[66][70][71] It was less successful in the UK, where it reached number 16 on the chart and ended Madonna's string of 35 consecutive top-ten singles.[67][68] Critics lauded the track, deeming it Madonna's best romantic ballad, and one of the album's best songs.[72][73] The video, directed by Michael Haussman, depicts a "steamy love story" between Madonna and a bullfighter, played by Emilio Muñoz.[74]

"Bedtime Story" was released in Europe and Australia on February 13, 1995.[75] In the United States, a release was issued on April 11.[76] Upon release, critics praised its experimental sound.[77] "Bedtime Story" gave Madonna her 17th number one on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart, and reached number four of the UK singles chart.[78][67] The single's accompanying music video was directed by Mark Romanek and is a tribute to female surrealist painters like Leonora Carrington and Remedios Varo.[74] With a budget of $5 million, it is one of the most expensive ever made.[74]

The fourth and final single from the album was "Human Nature", first issued in Australia and Europe on May 5, and one month later in the United States.[79][80] Critics reacted positively toward the track, deeming it empowering and lauding its unapologetic nature.[31][81] In the United States, it had a weak commercial reception, reaching number 46 of the Hot 100.[82] It fared better in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number eight.[67] Jean-Baptiste Mondino directed the song's video, which shows Madonna in bondage gear.[74]

30th anniversary

edit

On February 17, 2025, 30 years after its release, Madonna announced through her Instagram account a reissue of Bedtime Stories, without a release date.[83] On October 9, 2025, Madonna announced a November 28, 2025 release date. The release consists of a collectible silver vinyl of the original album, a two-disc CD and a black LP of the Bedtime Stories: The Untold Chapter extended play with exclusive postcards. The companion collection includes early demos, alternate versions, and rarities that trace the evolution of the studio album's sound. Frequent collaborator Stuart Price edited and mixed the original content. The artwork features never-before-seen images from a 1994 shoot by Paolo Roversi, whose photos were also used for the "Bedtime Story" single. "Right on Time", a track written during the original studio sessions with producer Dallas Austin, was released as a promotional single on digital platforms.[84][85]

Critical reception

edit
Contemporaneous reviews
Review scores
SourceRating
Chicago TribuneStarStarStar[86]
Entertainment WeeklyB+[26]
Los Angeles TimesStarStarHalf star[87]
Music WeekStarStarStarStarStar[88]
NME9/10[89]
Rolling StoneStarStarStarHalf star[90]
USA TodayStarStarStarHalf star[91]
Retrospective reviews and music guides
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusicStarStarStarStar[72]
BlenderStarStarStar[92]
MusicHound RockStarStarStar[93]
Pitchfork6.5/10[94]
The Rolling Stone Album GuideStarStarStarHalf star[95]
Slant MagazineStarStarStarStar[32]
Spin Alternative Record Guide4/10[96]
Tom Hull – on the WebB[97]
The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties MusicStarStarStarStar[98]

Upon release and in retrospective reviews, critical feedback toward Bedtime Stories has been generally positive.[9] This was the case for Greg Kot ―who labeled it Madonna's "most irresistible" work since 1990's The Immaculate Collection― Edna Gundersen and Stephen Holden, who said Madonna was "at her best", and singled out its smooth, smooth, subtle, and restrained seductiveness, shifting away from Erotica's "shock tactics".[b] Critics like Stephen Thomas Erlewine also praised Madonna for being the most "humane", "open" and "vulnerable" she had ever been.[72][32] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine noted that Madonna seemed "more interested in literature and human psychology than sexual biology this time around. [Bedtime Stories'] mix of sorrow and romance [...] expose a woman who might have been in need of some serious therapy".[32] Entertainment Weekly's Jim Farber said Madonna was "telling the truth about her life" more so than on any other previous album, "with more personal mixtures of sex and romance".[26]

Reviewers frequently discussed the album's warm and gentle sound.[c] Cinquemani summarized Bedtime Stories as a "fluffy-pillowed concept album that unfolds like a musical fairy tale".[32] Barbara O'Dair called the sounds "awfully compelling" in Rolling Stone's review, and Peter Galvin "gorgeously produced [...] with lots of funky beats, lush keyboards, and soaring Love Unlimited-style string arrangements" in a review for The Advocate.[90][30] The grooves were described as "seriously infectious" and "deep, gently pulsating" by the staff of People magazine and Erlewine, respectively.[104][72] Conversely, for Louis Virtel from The Backlot, "production [on Bedtime Stories] [is] a mess; the sheer amount of producers in the edit bay made for a hodgepodge of an album".[105]

Its incorporations of pop, modern R&B and hip-hop popular at the time was also a focal point.[87] Billboard claimed, "Ms. M sticks to a pop recipe that yields hits galore, with little excess baggage".[100] The "combination of sleek R&B and slinky club music works way better than it probably should", according to Stereogum's Tom Breihan, who said Madonna "sounds comfortable, and never radiates the sweaty eagerness to please that you sometimes see from pop stars making self-consciously commercial moves".[35] Jim Farber argued the incorporation of the Aaliyah and Xscape style of R&B was done more credibly than on Michael Jackson's Dangerous (1991).[26] By contrast, The Plain Dealer's Troy L. Smith opined Dangerous's attempt at New Jack Swing was more successful.[73]

Detractors called the record a "blurry non-event", "one amorphous blob", dispensable, flat, lifeless, and uninspired,[d] and comparisons to other singers and previous LPs were made. El Hunt, writing for the Evening Standard, said that other female artists of the time –Janet Jackson, Toni Braxton, and Brandy– were "mining similar sounds in arguably more interesting ways".[106] Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times called Bedtime Stories, the "least remarkable" of Madonna's albums up to that point.[87] For Rikky Rooksby, "[Bedtime Stories] can't match the power of Erotica, [and] it is definitely a long way behind Like a Prayer".[10] Allen Metz and Carol Benson, authors of The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary, added that, "rather than signify[ing] some bold new direction, Bedtime Stories takes hardly any risks at all. [...] it offers neither the pop epiphany of Like a Prayer nor the shameless frolic of [Madonna's] earlier dance hits".[108] Bedtime Stories received a nomination for Best Pop Album at the 38th Grammy Awards.[109]

Commercial performance

edit
Bedtime Stories was kept from the top position of the Billboard 200 by Snoop Doggy Dogg's (left) Murder Was the Case, and II by Boyz II Men (right).

In the United States, Bedtime Stories debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 on November 12, 1994, with first week sales of 145,000 copies.[110][111] Snoop Doggy Dogg's Murder Was the Case soundtrack, and Boyz II Men's II kept it from number one.[111] Despite a weaker debut than Erotica, which opened at number two with sales of 167,000 copies, its chart longevity made Bedtime Stories outsell it.[111][112] According to Billboard, by April 1995, following Madonna's appearance on the American Music Awards, sales of Bedtime Stories increased by 19%.[113] With a total of 48 weeks on the Billboard 200, and over one million copies sold, Bedtime Stories came in at number 28 on Billboard's year-end chart for 1995.[114][115][116] In November 2005, the album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of more than three million units within the country.[117] According to Nielsen SoundScan, Bedtime Stories has sold 2,336,000 copies as of December 2016. This figure does not include sales from music clubs such as BMG Music Clubs where it sold 195,000 copies.[112][118] In Canada, Bedtime Stories debuted and peaked at number four of the RPM Albums Chart on November 7, 1994,[119] and was eventually certified two times platinum by Music Canada (MC) for shipments of 200,000 copies.[119][120]

In Brazil, sales of the album exceeded 380,000 units by February 1996, which earned it a platinum certification by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos (ABPD).[121][122] In Argentina, the Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (CAPIF) certified the album double platinum, which denotes the shipment of 120,000 copies in the country.[123] Bedtime Stories debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart on November 5, 1994. It was held off the top by Bon Jovi's Cross Road, and remained a total of 30 weeks on the chart.[67] Bedtime Stories was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 300,000 copies.[124] It also reached number two in France, Finland, Italy, and Portugal.[125][126][111] The album was a number four hit in Germany, remaining 37 weeks on the German Albums Chart, and received a platinum certification by Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) after moving in excess of 500,000 copies in the country.[127][128] Bedtime Stories reached number two on the European Top 100 Albums chart, and has sold over two million copies across Europe.[129][130]

In Australia, the album entered the ARIA chart at number one, and was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 140,000 copies.[131][132] In New Zealand, Bedtime Stories debuted and peaked at number five on November 20, before dropping to number 16 the following week.[133] The album reached number nine on Japan's Oricon album chart, and received a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ).[134][135] Worldwide, Bedtime Stories has sold over eight million copies.[136]

Legacy

edit

"Beyond offering Madonna's final word on the scandal of her sexuality, [Bedtime Stories] pivots to address the misconception that her sexual persona limited her versatility as an artist [...] [it] prove[s] that [she] owned her sexuality and would not be eclipsed by it".

— Mary Von Aue commenting on the album.[48]

Bedtime Stories has been referred to as one of the best albums of 1994, and the 1990s decade.[137] In Vice, Mary Von Aue deemed it Madonna's most important work; she said that, although it was marketed as an "apology" for her sexually explicit behavior, she instead offered a "lyrical #sorrynotsorry and a response to the problem of female musicians being scrutinized for their sexuality rather than their music".[48] Despite not being "the first album that comes to mind when discussing Madonna's legacy", Bedtime Stories is the "most relevant to many of the cultural conversations that are still happening. Had she acquiesced to the public's call for apology, it could have set a dangerous standard for how the public can decree an artist's silence, and it would have allowed the categories for female singers to remain in place", concluded Von Aue.[48]

Stan Hawkins from the University of Leeds saw the record as a "significant point of arrival in [Madonna's] maturity by planting her firmly within new realms of production, performance, and songwriting".[25] According to Idolator's Bianca Gracie, "Bedtime Stories displayed the evolution of a soulful singer [...] [it] proved that Madonna never lost her edge; she just decided to soften it so that her image could regroup".[31] For Peter Piatkowski, the "peak of respectability" Madonna reached in the mid-to-late 1990s with Evita and Ray of Light (1998), began with the "more conciliatory image and sound" she adopted for Bedtime Stories.[103] From Philadelphia magazine, Patrick DeMarco opined that, "it's not just the insatiable pure-pop moments laced throughout [Bedtime Stories] that make it great. This is the record that cemented Madonna as the icon we know today", as it saw her working with the producers that would help "define her sound" for the next decade.[138] In this vein, the staff of Billboard said that Bedtime Stories found Madonna "in transition, swiveling away from explicit sexuality and relying on R&B and balladry before she dove headfirst into dance music four years later", a sentiment that was echoed by Troy L. Smith.[139][73]

According to Quentin Harrison from music website Albumism, the "genesis of [Madonna's] second career epoch"―Ray of Light, Music (2000), and American Life (2003)―began with Bedtime Stories, an album "meant to be experienced in its entirety [...] that eschewed controversy and platformed Madonna's singular abilities as a singer and songwriter".[140] Bianca Gracie also perceived traces of the record on Madonna's eleventh studio album Hard Candy (2008), and in the work of contemporary female singers like Rihanna, Banks, Jhené Aiko, and Tinashe.[31] According to Scottish musician Sophie, who collaborated with Madonna on 2015's "Bitch I'm Madonna", "[Bedtime Stories] is so much more fully formed and sexy than a lot of the trip-hop stuff that was coming out around that time. It's definitely been an influence on my own music".[141] While Mike Wass from Idolator felt Bedtime Stories helped create the "blueprint for the Pop Girl R&B crossover", Gay Times' Sam Damshenas and Daniel Megarry concluded that, "listened to in the current musical landscape, [the album] sounds remarkably current – more so than any other early-to-mid Madonna release".[142][143]

Bedtime Stories has been considered one of Madonna's most underrated and overlooked works, due to it being "sandwiched between her most controversial (Erotica) and, arguably, her best (Ray of Light)", according to Smith.[73][143][144] More than 25 years after its release, in April 2020, Madonna fanbase launched #JusticeForBedtimeStories, a social media campaign that caused it to reach number one on the iTunes albums chart.[145][146] According to Luminate, a little over 1,000 physical copies of the album were sold in the week ending April 30.[147] Madonna herself acknowledged the campaign and thanked her fans for their support.[145]

Track listing

edit
Bedtime Stories track listing[11]
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Survival"
3:31
2."Secret"
  • Madonna
  • Austin
5:05
3."I'd Rather Be Your Lover" (with Meshell Ndegeocello)
  • Madonna
  • Hall
4:39
4."Don't Stop"
  • Madonna
  • Austin
  • Colin Wolfe
  • Madonna
  • Austin
  • Daniel Abraham[a][b]
4:38
5."Inside of Me"
  • Madonna
  • Hall
  • Hooper
  • Hooper
  • Madonna
4:11
6."Human Nature"
  • Madonna
  • Hall
4:54
7."Forbidden Love"
  • Hooper
  • Madonna
4:08
8."Love Tried to Welcome Me"
  • Madonna
  • Hall
  • Madonna
  • Hall
5:21
9."Sanctuary"
  • Madonna
  • Austin
  • Hooper[a]
5:02
10."Bedtime Story"
  • Hooper
  • Madonna
4:53
11."Take a Bow"
  • Babyface
  • Madonna
  • Babyface
  • Madonna
5:21
Total length:51:50

Notes

edit
  • ^[a] signifies a remixer
  • ^[b] signifies an additional producer

Sample credits

edit

Personnel

edit

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[11]

Musicians and technical

edit

Design

edit
  • Baron & Baron Inc. – design, art direction
  • Patrick Demarchelier – photography
  • Siung Fat Tjia – art direction, design

Recording

edit
  • Recorded at Axis Studios, The Hit Factory, and Soundworks (New York City); Chappel Studios (Los Angeles); DARP Studios and Tea Room (Atlanta); The Enterprise (Burbank); The Music Grinder (Hollywood); and Wild Bunch Studios (London).

Charts

edit

Certifications and sales

edit
Sales certifications for Bedtime Stories
Region CertificationCertified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[123] 2× Platinum 120,000^
Australia (ARIA)[132] 2× Platinum 140,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[187] Gold 25,000*
Belgium (BRMA)[188] Gold 25,000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[122] Platinum 447,000[e]
Canada (Music Canada)[120] 2× Platinum 250,000[f]
France (SNEP)[191] 2× Gold 200,000*
Germany (BVMI)[128] Platinum 500,000^
Hong Kong — 60,000[g]
India — 50,000[h]
Israel — 10,000[i]
Italy (FIMI)[195] 2× Platinum 210,000[j]
Japan (RIAJ)[196] Platinum 294,790[135]
Singapore — 50,000[k]
South Africa (RISA)[156] Platinum 50,000*
Spain (Promusicae)[198] Platinum 100,000^
South Korea — 50,000[l]
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[200] Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[124] Platinum 300,000^
United States (RIAA)[117] 3× Platinum 2,531,000[112][118]
Summaries
Europe (IFPI)[130] 2× Platinum 2,000,000*
Worldwide — 8,000,000[136]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ↑ US CD editions depict an inverted image of Madonna.[1]
  2. ↑ Per multiple sources[99][86][100][101][72][102][50][26][94]
  3. ↑ Per multiple sources[72][90][103][94][87]
  4. ↑ Per multiple sources[94][106][10][107]
  5. ↑ Estimated sales for Bedtime Stories in Brazil, as of 1998.[189] It sold 380,000 copies in 1994 alone.[121]
  6. ↑ Canadian sales as of January 1995.[190]
  7. ↑ Sales in Hong Kong for Bedtime Stories as of 1995.[192]
  8. ↑ Sales in India for Bedtime Stories as of 1996.[193]
  9. ↑ Sales for Bedtime Stories in Israel as of 2001.[194]
  10. ↑ Italian sales for first two-months (as of January 1995).[55]
  11. ↑ Sales for Bedtime Stories in Singapore as of 1996.[197]
  12. ↑ Sales of more than 50,000 units for Bedtime Stories in South Korea as of July 1995.[199]

References

edit
  1. ↑ "Madonna - Bedtime Stories (audio CD)". Amazon. 1994. Archived from the original on March 30, 2024. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  2. ↑ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 229
  3. ↑ Tucker, Ken (April 15, 1994). "Like Aversion: The Letterman rudefest made Madonna shockingly passe". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  4. ↑ "Madonna: A very r$ch has-been?". The New Paper. May 17, 1994. Archived from the original on December 30, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  5. ↑ Garrett, Sheryl (October 23, 1994). "The Madonna Complex: You don't have to tell her it's been a rocky couple of years. Sex fizzled,Erotica disappointed, and the movies bombed. Does she think her grip on pop culture loosened?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 Taraborrelli 2002, pp. 235–237
  7. ↑ Feldman 2000, p. 255
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Dragan, Alina; Tilli, Robert (November 5, 1994). "Once more radio gets in bed with lady Madonna" (PDF). Music & Media. 11 (45): 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lynch, Joe (October 6, 2014). "Madonna's Bedtime Stories turns 20: Babyface & Donna De Lory look back". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2024. Speaking of critics, Bedtime Stories received very positive reviews
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rooksby 2004, pp. 44–46
  11. 1 2 3 4 Madonna (1994). Bedtime Stories (Liner notes). Maverick Records. 9362-45767-2.
  12. 1 2 Sullivan 2013, p. 648
  13. 1 2 Palomino, Érika (November 21, 1994). "Madonna desiste do sexo e volta ao romantismo". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on August 10, 2004. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  14. ↑ Howard, Jacinta (August 4, 2010). "Joi's badass revenge". Creative Loafing. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  15. 1 2 O'Brien 2008, pp. 288–289
  16. 1 2 Papa, Rocco (July 24, 2023). "The real reason Madonna banned her planned duet with Tupac Shakur". The Things. Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
  17. 1 2 3 4 O'Brien 2008, pp. 291–293
  18. 1 2 3 4 Pytlik 2003, pp. 82–83
  19. ↑ Björk (guest) (September 8, 1994). MTV Music Awards (pre show) (Television production). Radio City Music Hall, New York City: MTV.
  20. ↑ Pytlik 2003, p. 194
  21. 1 2 "Madonna - Bedtime Stories (Album release 10/25/94)". Warner Bros. Records. Archived from the original on April 18, 1997. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Considine, J.D. (October 25, 1994). "Madonna's latest lets her talent do most of the talking THE 'SECRET' of SUCCESS". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Rettenmund 2016, pp. 18–19
  24. 1 2 3 Pareles, Jon (October 23, 1994). "POP MUSIC; Madonna's return to innocence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  25. 1 2 3 Hawkins, Stan (January 1997). "'I'll Never Be an Angel': Stories of deception in Madonna's music". University of Leeds. Archived from the original on March 18, 2003. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Farber, Jim (October 28, 1994). "BedTime Stories". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Rooksby 2004, pp. 47–50
  28. ↑ Cinquemani, Sal; Henderson, Eric (August 21, 2020). "Madonna's 20 greatest deep cuts". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  29. ↑ Levine, Nick (February 25, 2015). "The top 10 most underrated madonna tracks". i-D. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  30. 1 2 3 Galvin, Peter (November 15, 1994). "Reviews: Madonna, Bedtime Stories". The Advocate (668): 83–84. ISSN 0001-8996. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gracie, Bianca (October 24, 2014). "Madonna's Bedtime Stories turns 20: Backtracking". Idolator. Retrieved March 15, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cinquemani, Sal (March 9, 2003). "Review: Madonna, Bedtime Stories". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  33. ↑ Herbert, George. "Love (III)". The Poetry Foundation. The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved May 10, 2026.
  34. ↑ "Love Tried to Welcome Me". Genius. Genius. Retrieved May 10, 2026.
  35. 1 2 Breihan, Tom (March 18, 2022). "The Number Ones: Madonna's 'Take a Bow'". Stereogum. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  36. 1 2 Vlach, Anna (July 2, 2011). "Fashionista - trends with Anna Vlach". The Advertiser. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  37. 1 2 Heath, Chris (December 1994). "Madonna: Come and Get It". Details. Vol. 12. pp. 130–138, 185. ISSN 0740-4921.
  38. ↑ Guilbert 2002, p. 79
  39. ↑ Grinnell, Sunhee (November 19, 2010). "Q&A with celebrity hairstylist Sam McKnight, Pantene global ambassador". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on March 2, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  40. ↑ Wechsler, Pat; Friedman, Roger D. (December 12, 1994). "Madonna wears clothes?!". New York. 27 (49): 13. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  41. ↑ Knight, Nick (April 8, 2013). Transformative: Sam McKnight on Bedtime Stories. New York: Showstudio.com. Event occurs at 5:46. Archived from the original (Streaming) on February 7, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  42. ↑ "6 of Madonna's most iconic looks decoded: Bedtime Stories, 1994". Marie Claire. November 12, 201. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  43. ↑ Du Noyer, Paul (December 1994). "Madonna Talks About Music". Q: 21. ISSN 0955-4955.
  44. ↑ Elliott, Mark (May 30, 2021). "Madonna album covers: All 14 studio artworks, ranked and reviewed". This is Dig!. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  45. ↑ "Christina Aguilera copia Madonna em seu novo CD" (in Portuguese). Terra Networks. June 30, 2006. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  46. ↑ "Album Releases". Music Week. October 22, 1994. p. 26.
  47. ↑ Leiby, Richard (September 29, 1994). "World Wide Web is where it's at". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2024.(subscription required)
  48. 1 2 3 4 Von Aue, Mary (October 24, 2014). "Why Madonna's unapologetic Bedtime Stories is her most important album". Vice. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  49. 1 2 Morgan 2015, p. 237
  50. 1 2 Bego 2000, pp. 292–294
  51. 1 2 Russell, Deborah (March 25, 1995). "Madonna's vid sneaks in theaters: Surreal 'Bedtime Story' goes to the big screen" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 12. p. 42. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  52. ↑ Morgan 2015, p. 165
  53. 1 2 3 Smith, Liz (March 23, 1995). "It's all Evita for Madonna". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. p. 111. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  54. ↑ Flick, Larry (April 8, 1995). "Dance trax: 5-year-old- powerhouse strictly rhythm forges on" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 14. p. 42. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  55. 1 2 "Madonna ha detto si': ospite a Sanremo. E il tour mondiale 1995 anche in Italia". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). January 6, 1995. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  56. ↑ "Madonna has to decide between Evita and touring". The Hollywood Reporter. Lakeland Ledger. March 20, 1995. p. 17. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  57. ↑ Kelley, Caitlin (August 11, 2017). "Best American Music Awards performances No. 8: Madonna and Babyface 'Take a Bow' at 1995 AMAs". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  58. ↑ "To Europe, With Love". Icon. 2 (5). 1995.
  59. ↑ "Madonna.com > News > February 18, 1995: Madonna performs 'Take a Bow' on the German Wetten Dass TV show". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  60. ↑ "30 Best Brit Awards moments ever". Marie Claire. February 24, 2016. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  61. ↑ "Madonna.com > News > February 22, 1995: Madonna and Babyface perform 'Take a Bow' at the San Remo Festival". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  62. ↑ Lichtman, Irv (September 17, 1994). "The Billboard bulletin..." (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 38. p. 112. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  63. ↑ "Gold & Platinum: Madonna, 'Secret'". Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Archived from the original on July 8, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  64. ↑ Flick, Larry (October 10, 1994). "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 40. p. 59. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  65. ↑ Robinson, Charlotte (November 12, 2001). "Madonna: Greatest Hits Volume 2". PopMatters. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  66. 1 2 Caulfield, Keith (August 16, 2017). "Madonna's 40 biggest Billboard hits". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Madonna Songs and Albums | Full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  68. 1 2 Roberts 2004, p. 342
  69. ↑ "Madonna's 25 greatest music videos". Slant Magazine. October 6, 2022. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  70. ↑ "Madonna.com > Discography > Take a Bow". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  71. ↑ Trust, Gary (February 19, 2018). "This week in Billboard chart history: In 1995, Madonna began her longest no. 1 Hot 100 run with 'Take a Bow'". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.(subscription required)
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Madonna > Bedtime Stories > Overview". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2025.
  73. 1 2 3 4 Smith, Troy L. (August 11, 2016). "Madonna's Bedtime Stories still radiates with sensuality, defiance (Review)". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  74. 1 2 3 4 Johnston, Maura; Newsman, Jason; Ebiri, Bilge; Weingarten, Christopher R. (July 7, 2016). "Strike a Pose: Madonna's 20 greatest videos". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  75. ↑ Citations regarding the Australian and European release date of the "Bedtime Story" single:
  76. ↑ Promis, Jose F. (April 11, 1995). "Madonna > 'Bedtime Story' > Overview". AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  77. ↑ Flick, Larry (March 18, 1995). "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 11. p. 59. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  78. ↑ Murray, Gordon (August 23, 2018). "Madonna earns 48th No. 1 on Dance Club Songs Chart with 'I Rise'". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2024.(subscription required)
  79. ↑ Citations regarding the Australian and European release date of the "Human Nature" single:
  80. ↑ "Madonna.com > Discography > Human Nature". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  81. ↑ Rettenmund 2016, p. 234
  82. ↑ "Madonna Chart History". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  83. ↑ Irvin, Jack (February 18, 2025). "Madonna reveals she's preparing to re-release her 1994 album Bedtime Stories: 'Coming Soon'". People. Archived from the original on February 18, 2025. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  84. ↑ Kaufman, Gil (October 9, 2025). "Madonna Announces Bedtime Stories - The Untold Chapter 30th Anniversary Reissue Featuring Demos, Alternate Versions, and Rarities". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 10, 2025. Retrieved October 9, 2025.
  85. ↑ Breihan, Tom (October 9, 2025). "Madonna Shares Previously Unreleased '90s Demo "Right On Time" From New Bedtime Stories – The Untold Chapter EP". Stereogum. Archived from the original on November 2, 2025. Retrieved October 10, 2025.
  86. 1 2 Kot, Greg (October 27, 1994). "Good-time girl". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  87. 1 2 3 4 Willman, Chris (October 23, 1994). "Album review". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  88. ↑ Jones, Alan (October 29, 1994). "Market Preview: Mainstream - Albums" (PDF). Music Week. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2025. Retrieved June 17, 2025.
  89. ↑ Dee, Johnny (October 29, 1994). "My, What Big Hits You Have!". NME: 47.
  90. 1 2 3 O'Dair, Barbara (December 15, 1994). "Home > Music > Album Reviews > Bedtime Stories". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2024.(subscription required)
  91. ↑ Gundersen, Edna (October 21, 1994). "Madonna snuggles up for 'Bedtime' romance". USA Today.
  92. ↑ Power, Tony. "Madonna, Bedtime Stories". Blender. Archived from the original on August 18, 2004. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  93. ↑ Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel, eds. (1999). "Madonna". MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. pp. 704–706. ISBN 1-57859-061-2.
  94. 1 2 3 4 Pallett, Owen (August 16, 2017). "Madonna, Bedtime Stories". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  95. ↑ "Madonna: Album Guide". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 5, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2025.
  96. ↑ Sheffield, Rob (1995). "Madonna". In Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. pp. 235–236. ISBN 0-679-75574-8.
  97. ↑ Hull, Tom (2022). "Grade List: Madonna". Official Tom Hull website. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2025.
  98. ↑ Larkin, Colin (2000). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music. Virgin Books. p. 246. ISBN 9780753504277. Retrieved February 16, 2025 – via Internet Archive.
  99. ↑ Holden, Stephen (January 5, 1995). "The Pop Life". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  100. 1 2 "Album reviews: Madonna, Bedtime Stories" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 44. October 29, 1994. p. 74. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2025. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  101. ↑ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 263
  102. ↑ Walters, Barry (October 27, 1994). "Madonna looks for love in all the song places". San Francisco Examiner. Moscow-Pullman Daily News. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  103. 1 2 Piatkowski, Peter (October 21, 2022). "Blond Contrition: Madonna's musical response to the 1990s culture war". PopMatters. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  104. ↑ "Picks and Pans Review: Bedtime Stories". People. November 7, 1994. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  105. ↑ Virtel, Louis (March 2, 2013). "The 100 greatest Madonna songs". The Backlot. Archived from the original on October 20, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  106. 1 2 Hunt, El (October 12, 2023). "Don't go for second best, baby: All Madonna's albums, ranked". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  107. ↑ Morse, Steve (October 25, 1994). "Madonna sounds bored on Bedtime Stories". The Boston Globe. The Ledger. p. 17. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  108. ↑ Metz & Benson 1999, p. 23
  109. ↑ "THE 38TH ANNUAL GRAMMY NOMINATIONS: The Complete List of Nominees". Los Angeles Times. January 5, 1996. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2024.(subscription required)
  110. ↑ "Billboard 200: The week of November 12, 1994". Billboard. November 12, 1994. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  111. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mayfield, Geoff (November 12, 1994). "Between the Bullets / Hits of the world" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 46. pp. 46, 47, 116. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  112. 1 2 3 Trust, Gary (December 12, 2016). "Ask Billboard: Madonna's career album sales". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  113. ↑ Russell, Deborah (April 1, 1995). "Awards show push sales despite declining ratings" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 13. p. 95. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  114. 1 2 "Madonna Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  115. ↑ "Best-selling records of '95" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 108, no. 3. January 20, 1996. p. 56. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  116. 1 2 "Billboard 200 Year-end: 1995". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  117. 1 2 "American album certifications – Madonna – Bedtime Stories". Recording Industry Association of America.
  118. 1 2 Barry, David (February 18, 2002). "Shania, Backstreet, Britney, Eminem and Janet top all time sellers". Music Industry News Network. Archived from the original on July 3, 2003. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  119. 1 2 3 "Top RPM Albums: Image 2647". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  120. 1 2 "Canadian album certifications – Madonna – Bedtime Stories". Music Canada. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  121. 1 2 De Faria, Antonio Carlos (February 3, 1995). "'Três Tenores' pode atingir marca de 1 milhão". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  122. 1 2 "Brazilian album certifications – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  123. 1 2 "Argentinian album certifications – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in Spanish). Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  124. 1 2 "British album certifications – Madonna – Bedtime Stories". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 14, 2024. Select albums in the Formats field. Type Bedtime Stories Madonna in the "Search:" field.
  125. 1 2 3 4 "Hits of the world" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 47. November 19, 1994. pp. 44–45. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  126. 1 2 "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 26 (47): 11. November 19, 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  127. 1 2 "Offiziellecharts.de – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  128. 1 2 "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Madonna; 'Bedtime Stories')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  129. 1 2 "Hits of the world, continued" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 48. November 26, 1994. p. 91. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  130. 1 2 "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1998". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  131. 1 2 "Australiancharts.com – Madonna – Bedtime Stories". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  132. 1 2 "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1996 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  133. 1 2 "Charts.nz – Madonna – Bedtime Stories". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  134. 1 2 "ベッドタイム・ストーリーズ" (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  135. 1 2 Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Charts. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.
  136. 1 2 Saeed, Saeed (August 20, 2021). "All of Madonna's 14 solo albums ranked: from Madame X to Like A Prayer". The National. Archived from the original on August 20, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  137. ↑ Placement of Bedtime Stories on best-of lists:
  138. ↑ DeMarco, Patrick (October 30, 2014). "Madonna's Bedtime Stories Turns 20: A look back at its career-defining legacy". Philadelphia. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  139. ↑ "Madonna's albums ranked from worst to best". Billboard. September 3, 2015. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  140. ↑ Harrison, Quentin (October 20, 2019). "Madonna's Bedtime Stories turns 25: Anniversary retrospective". Albumism. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  141. ↑ Bromwich, Kathryn (July 15, 2018). "Sophie on Madonna: 'Her work is so vast – there's a reference for any situation'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  142. ↑ Wass, Mike (December 1, 2020). "Should Have Been Bigger: Madonna's 'Human Nature'". Idolator. Retrieved May 21, 2024.[dead link]
  143. 1 2 Damshenas, Sam; Megarry, Daniel (June 17, 2019). "We ranked every single Madonna album from worst to best". Gay Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  144. ↑ Gremore, Graham (October 11, 2014). "Something To Remember: The 12 most underrated Madonna songs of all time". Queerty. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  145. 1 2 Daniels., Karuf F (April 30, 2020). "Madonna's R&B-themed 1994 opus, Bedtime Stories, hits the top spot on iTunes albums chart". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.(subscription required)
  146. ↑ Mahjouri, Shakiel (April 30, 2020). "Madonna tops iTunes Albums Chart with 1994's Bedtime Stories". Entertainment Tonight Canada. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  147. ↑ Caulfield, Keith (May 1, 2020). "How did older albums by Madonna, Mariah Carey & Janet Jackson all see sales gains this Week?". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2024.(subscription required)
  148. ↑ "Charts: Top 5 albumes Argentina" (PDF). Pelo. 24 (476): 4. August 24, 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  149. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  150. ↑ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 11 (49): 13. December 3, 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  151. ↑ "Os Mais Vendidos (CDs)". O Dia (in Portuguese): 5. December 27, 1994. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  152. ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  153. ↑ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 1995. 10. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  154. ↑ "Ísland (LP / CD)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic): 16. November 3, 1994. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  155. ↑ "Official Scottish Albums Chart on 5/11/1994 – Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  156. 1 2 "Music Divas & Rock Bands Top South African Certifications". Music Industry News Network. May 2, 2002. Archived from the original on July 9, 2003. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  157. ↑ "Swedishcharts.com – Madonna – Bedtime Stories". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  158. ↑ "Swisscharts.com – Madonna – Bedtime Stories". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
  159. ↑ "Top 100 Pop Albums" (PDF). World Radio History. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 23, 2025. Retrieved July 11, 2025.
  160. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 14, 2025.
  161. ↑ "Ultratop.be – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 7, 2025.
  162. ↑ "Ultratop.be – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 7, 2025.
  163. ↑ "Lista prodaje 48. tjedan 2025. (24.11.2025. - 30.11.2025.)" [Sales list Week 48 2025] (in Croatian). HDU. November 30, 2025. Retrieved December 11, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  164. ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 14, 2025.
  165. ↑ "Offiziellecharts.de – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved December 7, 2025.
  166. ↑ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts Top 20 Pop-Charts – 5 Dezember 2025" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Archived from the original on December 22, 2025. Retrieved December 8, 2025.
  167. ↑ "Italy Albums Top 100 (December 2, 2025) - Music Charts". acharts.co. Archived from the original on December 22, 2025. Retrieved December 18, 2025.
  168. ↑ "Oricon Top 30 Western Albums: 2025-12-22" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved December 19, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  169. ↑ "Billboard Japan Top Albums Sales – December 17, 2025". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 19, 2025. Retrieved December 19, 2025.
  170. ↑ "OLiS - oficjalna lista sprzedaży - albumy" (in Polish). OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Note: Change the date to 28.11.2025–04.12.2025 under "zmień zakres od–do:". Retrieved December 11, 2025.
  171. ↑ "Official Scottish Albums Chart on 5/12/2025 – Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 14, 2025.
  172. ↑ "Swisscharts.com – Madonna – Bedtime Stories". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 11, 2025.
  173. ↑ "Official Albums Chart on 5/12/2025 – Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 19, 2025.
  174. ↑ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Albums 1994". ARIA. Archived from the original on July 11, 2004. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  175. ↑ "Top albums of 1994". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 12, 1994. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  176. ↑ "1994 in Review: European Top 100 Albums" (PDF). Music & Media. 11 (52): 12. December 24, 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  177. ↑ Pennanen 2006, p. 201
  178. ↑ "Classement Albums - année 1994" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  179. ↑ "Top 100 Albums 1994" (PDF). Music Week: 11. January 14, 1995. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  180. ↑ "Jahreshitparaden Alben 1995" (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on December 7, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  181. ↑ "Rapports Annuels 1995" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  182. ↑ "Top 100 albums of 1995". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  183. ↑ "European Top 100 Albums 1995" (PDF). Music & Media. 12 (51/52): 14. December 23, 1995. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  184. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). Ofizielle Deutsche Charts. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  185. ↑ "Swiss year-end charts 1995" (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  186. ↑ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1995". Cash Box. December 30, 1995. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  187. ↑ "Austrian album certifications – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  188. ↑ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 1995". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  189. ↑ "Madonna". Istoé (in Portuguese). 1998. Retrieved April 21, 2024 – via Google Books. Bedtime stories ( 1994 ) 447 mil Ray of light ( 1998 ) 181,5 mil
  190. ↑ LeBlanc, Larry (January 28, 1995). "'94 Canadian sales are best in a decade" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 4. p. 62. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  191. ↑ "French album certifications – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved March 14, 2024. Select MADONNA and click OK. 
  192. ↑ "Promotions spark sales of top albums". South China Morning Post. June 11, 1995. Archived from the original on June 1, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2024. Albums like Bon Jovi's Crossroads and Madonna's Bedtime Stories have sold about 60,000 copies in Hong Kong
  193. ↑ "Foreign music sales account for only 2-3 percent of legitimate music sales in India". The India Magazine of Her People and Culture. 17. A. H. Advani: 23. 1996. Retrieved April 20, 2024. Magnasound released Madonna's 'Bedtime Stories' and Alisha Chinnai's 'Made in India' at the same time . The former sold 50,000, the latter 2 million .
  194. ↑ "אלבומים ומכירות בארץ". LaIsha (in Hebrew). August 13, 2001. p. 56. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  195. ↑ "Sanremo: Madonna ospite del festival". Adnkronos (in Italian). January 5, 1995. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  196. ↑ "Japanese album certifications – Madonna – Bedtime Stories" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Select 1994年11月 on the drop-down menu
  197. ↑ "You must love Madonna". The New Paper. November 8, 1996. p. 45. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  198. ↑ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
  199. ↑ "<시리즈> 영상정보산업 (6);상반기 결산-음반". 전자신문 (The Electronic Times). July 21, 1995. Retrieved March 14, 2026. 워너뮤직이 발매한 마돈나의 "Bed Time Story"를 비롯해 소니뮤직인내놓은 영화 "불멸의 연인"의 사운드 트랙앨범、 폴리그램이 발매한 "컬러 오브 나이트" 사운드 트랙앨범、 "에이스 오브 베이스"의 음반 등이 꾸준한 인기를 모으며 5만장이상
  200. ↑ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Bedtime Stories')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 14, 2024.

Bibliography

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedtime_Stories_(Madonna_album)&oldid=1362809374"