Agnotozoa is a rejected subkingdom of simple animals that is now considered polyphyletic. It is one of the three "traditional" animal subkingdoms, along with Parazoa and Eumetazoa.[2] On some classifications, it is nearly synonymous with Mesozoa which is also considered rejected but with some minority studies still supporting it. Even if Mesozoa were valid their position is unequivocally inside Bilateria and not as separate subkingdom.[3] Placozoa is now also considered an Eumetazoan or Myriazoan inside the clade ParaHoxozoa.
| Agnotozoa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Trichoplax adhaerens. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Subkingdom: | Agnotozoa Moore et al., 1952[1] |
| Phyla | |
Agnotozoa was first used as one of the branches of the subkingdom Metazoa. It was then considered to contain only one group, Mesozoa.
More recently, some have used the name to refer to a subkingdom of three small phyla of simple animals without organs, Placozoa, Orthonectida, and Rhombozoa. They are known as "simple" though they have differentiated tissue, because that tissue is only organized in simple ways; for example, by being layered. The Orthonectida and Rhombozoa are grouped into the Mesozoa.[citation needed]
Biologists today generally do not use the taxon Agnotozoa because it is doubted that placozoans are closely related to mesozoans and that orthonectids and rhombozoans are related to each other. Even if the two are related, there is little need for another name in addition to mesozoa.
Agnotozoa represents a novel lineage of microbial eukaryotes that has been identified through environmental sequencing but remains largely uncharacterized due to the challenges of culturing these organisms. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Agnotozoa may share a common ancestry with certain opisthokont or stramenopile lineages, though their precise evolutionary placement is still debated [4]
References
edit- ↑ Moore, Raymond C., Lalicker, Cecil G., & Fischer, Alfred G. 1952. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill, New York. Page 17.
- ↑ Blackwelder, Richard E. (1963). Classification of the animal kingdom. Carbondale, Ill: Southern Illinois University Press.
- ↑ Lu, Tsai-Ming; Kanda, Miyuki; Satoh, Noriyuki; Furuya, Hidetaka (2017). "The phylogenetic position of dicyemid mesozoans offers insights into spiralian evolution". Zoological Letters. 3 6. doi:10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5. ISSN 2056-306X. PMC 5447306. PMID 28560048.
- ↑ del Campo, Javier; Guillou, Laure; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Logares, Ramiro; López-García, Purificación; Massana, Ramon (2016-08-01). "Ecological and evolutionary significance of novel protist lineages". European Journal of Protistology. Current trends in protistology – results from the VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting 2015. 55 (Pt A): 4–11. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2016.02.002. hdl:10261/135567. ISSN 0932-4739. PMC 5242370. PMID 26996654.
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