In Zimbabwe's 2018 general election, 210 members of the National Assembly were elected to the National Assembly – one for each parliamentary constituency. The Constitution of Zimbabwe provided for a further 60 female members, representing a women's quota, chosen by proportional representation based on the constituency votes.
| 9th Parliament of Zimbabwe | |||||||||||
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| Overview | |||||||||||
| Legislative body | Parliament of Zimbabwe | ||||||||||
| Jurisdiction | Zimbabwe | ||||||||||
| Meeting place | Parliament House, Harare | ||||||||||
| Term | 26 August 2018[a] – 22 August 2023 | ||||||||||
| Election | 2018 Zimbabwean general election | ||||||||||
| Government | Second Mnangagwa Cabinet | ||||||||||
| Website | parlzim | ||||||||||
| National Assembly | |||||||||||
| Members | 270 | ||||||||||
| Speaker | Jacob Mudenda | ||||||||||
| Deputy Speaker | Tsitsi Gezi | ||||||||||
| Clerk | Kennedy Mugove Chokuda | ||||||||||
| Party control | ZANU-PF | ||||||||||
| Senate | |||||||||||
| Members | 80 | ||||||||||
| President | Mabel Chinomona | ||||||||||
| Deputy President | Michael Reuben Nyambuya | ||||||||||
| Clerk | Kennedy Mugove Chokuda | ||||||||||
| Party control | |||||||||||
| Sessions | |||||||||||
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As part of the election, a new Senate was also elected. 60 members - six for each of Zimbabwe's 10 provinces - were elected by proportional representation, 16 traditional Chiefs were elected by the Council of Chiefs, while the President and Deputy President of the Council of Chiefs are automatically Senators. The final two seats in the Senate are made up of representatives of persons with disabilities, chosen by the National Disability Board.
The Zimbabwean Parliament comprises the elected National Assembly, the Senate and the President of Zimbabwe. The list of new parliamentarians was published in an Extraordinary edition of the Zimbabwe Government Gazette on 31 August 2018.
Overview
editThe 9th Parliament of Zimbabwe's membership was set by the 30 July 2018 election, which gave the incumbent ruling party, ZANU–PF, a two-thirds parliamentary majority, with control of both the Senate and the National Assembly.[1] The MDC Alliance, a coalition composed of the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai and other opposition parties, won all but two of the remaining seats in the House.[1]
Per Section 143 (1) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe, the 9th Parliament will officially begin the day the president-elect is sworn in.[1] Per Section 145 (1) of the Constitution, the president advises as to the date of the official opening of Parliament, and Section 145 (2) stipulates that the date will be officially set by the Clerk of Parliament.[1] The official opening of Parliament must not be held more than 30 days after the presidential inauguration.[1] The inauguration, initially scheduled for 12 August 2018, had to be postponed indefinitely after the MDC Alliance filed a petition with the Constitutional Court challenging the presidential election results.[2][3] The Parliament cannot open until after the court announces its decision and the president is inaugurated.[2]
The 9th Parliament was rocked by political in-fighting between the various factions of the MDC. Members were recalled at various points and replaced by rival MDC candidates (see below for more detail). In the midst of this, by-elections were suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic to curb the spread of the virus and protect public health, beginning with an announcement by the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) on 25 March 2020 that indefinitely halted all electoral activities, including pending by-elections, following President Emmerson Mnangagwa's declaration of COVID-19 as a national disaster under the Civil Protection Act.[4] This initial measure was supported by the Public Health (COVID-19 Prevention, Containment and Treatment) (National Lockdown) Order, 2020 (Statutory Instrument 83 of 2020), which banned gatherings exceeding 50 people, and was later formalized on 30 September 2020 through Statutory Instrument 225A of 2020, issued by Vice President Constantino Chiwenga as Minister of Health and Child Care under the Public Health Act [CAP. 15:17], amending regulations to explicitly suspend by-elections while COVID-19 remained classified as a formidable epidemic disease.[5] The suspension, which lasted until its lifting in January 2022 to allow by-elections to resume on 26 March 2022, faced criticism from legal experts, opposition parties, and civil society for allegedly violating constitutional provisions under sections 67 (political rights including regular elections) and 158 (timing of elections, requiring by-elections within 90 days of vacancies), with arguments that it lacked explicit legal authority and disproportionately infringed on democratic rights despite public health justifications.[6][7]
Sessions
editPresident Emmerson Mnangagwa opened the first session of the 9th Parliament on 18 September 2018.[8] The second session was opened by the president on 1 October 2019.[9][10] The second session closed on 22 October 2020, and the third session opened the same day just before midday.[11] The third session adjourned on 16 September 2021, and officially ended just before midday on 7 October 2021.[12] The fourth session of parliament opened that afternoon, marked by President Mnangagwa's State of the Nation address.[12][13] The fifth session opened on 23 November 2022, an event that marked the first legislative sitting in Zimbabwe's new parliament building in Mount Hampden.[14] The Parliament was dissolved at midnight on 22 August 2023, ahead of the 2023 Zimbabwean general election.
National Assembly
editComposition of the National Assembly
editThe National Assembly was made up of 270 members, as well as the presiding officer, known as the Speaker, who is elected at the Assembly's first sitting. A Member of the National Assembly who is elected as Speaker ceases to be a Member of the National Assembly, and the vacant seat must be filled in accordance with the Electoral Law.
The Parliamentary election results were marked by miscalculations, errors in spreadsheet tabulation, as well as a legal dispute between results announced and votes counted. The most notable dispute was that of the constituency of Chegutu West, where 121 votes from one ward were misallocated, leaving the MDC-A candidate, Gift Konjana with 10,828 votes to ZANU-PF candidate Dexter Nduna's 10,932.[15] When the error was noticed, ZEC claimed that they had already announced ZANU-PF as the winner, and the result could only be reversed with an order of an Electoral Court. The matter ended up in court as Gift Machoka Konjana v Dexter Nduna, though ultimately ZANU-PF's Nduna took the seat in Parliament, in spite of losing the election to Konjana.[15]
| Members | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elected in July 2018 | At dissolution in August 2023 | |||||||
| Constituency Maps |  |
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| Assembly composition |  |
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| Party | Common | Women | Total | Common | Women | Total | Change | |
| ZANU–PF | 145 | 35 | 180 | 147 | 35 | 182 |  2 | |
| Movement for Democratic Change Alliance | 63 | 24 | 87 | 43 | 15 | 58 |  29 | |
| MDC–T | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 9 | |
| National Patriotic Front | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Independent | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |  | |
| CCC | N/a | N/a | N/a | 19 | 0 | 19 | 19 | |
| Total | 210 | 60 | 270 | 210 | 60 | 270 | | |
| Vacant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | |
| Speaker | 1 | 1 | | |||||
| Government majority | 90 | 94 | 4 | |||||
Elected Constituency Members
edit210 members of the National Assembly are elected by secret ballot from the 210 constituencies into which Zimbabwe is divided.[16] The following members were gazetted as having won seats during the General Election in July 2018.
Women's Quota
editAn additional 60 women members, six from each of the provinces into which Zimbabwe is divided, are elected under a party-list system of proportional representation which is based on the votes cast for candidates representing political parties in each of the provinces in the general election for constituency members in the provinces.[31]
Senate
editComposition of the Senate
editThe Senate is made up of 80 members, as well as the presiding officer, known as the President of the Senate, who is elected at the Senate's first sitting. A Senator who is elected as President of the Senate ceases to be a Senator, and the vacant seat must be filled in accordance with the Electoral Law.
| Senate composition |  |
| ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affiliation | Elected in 2018 | At dissolution in 2023 | Change | |
| ZANU–PF | 35 | 35 | | |
| Movement for Democratic Change Alliance | 24 | 16 | 8 | |
| MDC–T | 1 | 9 | 8 | |
| Chiefs | 18 | 18 | | |
| Persons with disabilities | 2 | 2 | | |
| Total | 80 | 80 | | |
| Vacant | 0 | 0 | | |
| President of the Senate | 1 | 1 | | |
Provincial Seats
editThere are 60 provincial seats in the Senate. Six are elected from each of the provinces into which Zimbabwe is divided, under a party-list system of proportional representation which is based on the votes cast for candidates representing political parties in each of the provinces in the general election for Members of the National Assembly. Male and female candidates are listed alternately, with every list being headed by a female candidate.[33]
Chiefs' seats
editChapter 6, Part 3, §120(b) and (c) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe reserves 16 seats in the Senate for Chiefs, of whom two are elected by the provincial assembly of Chiefs from each of the provinces, other than the metropolitan provinces, and two for the President and Deputy President of the National Council of Chiefs.[41][42]
| Elected by Provincial Assembly of Chiefs for | Traditional Chief's Name | Name of Chief | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| President of the Council of Chiefs (ex officio) | Fortune Charumbira | Reelected | |
| Deputy President of the Council of Chiefs (ex officio) | Lucas Mtshane Khumalo | Reelected | |
| Manicaland | Makumbe | Shepherd Gundu Chengeta | |
| Mapungwana | Mapungwana Annias | ||
| Mashonaland Central | Nembire | Clemence Nyabvunzi | Reelected |
| Matsiwo | Chigwadzara Chinhenza | ||
| Mashonaland East | Chikwaka | Witness M. Bungu | |
| Nechombo | Langton Chikukwa | ||
| Mashonaland West | Ngezi | Peter Pasipamire | |
| Chundu | Abel Mbasera | ||
| Masvingo | Chitanga | Felani Chauke | Reelected |
| Nhema | Ranganai Bwawanda | ||
| Matabeleland North | Siansali | Siatabwa Nkatazo | Reelected |
| Mathupula | Khumalo Mandlakazulu | ||
| Matabeleland South | Nyangazonke | Vuyani Ndiweni | Reelected |
| Masendu | Siandalizwe Dube | Reelected | |
| Midlands | Ngungumbane | Zama Nthua Mkwananzi | Reelected |
| Ntabeni | Milton Ntabeni | Reelected | |
Persons with disabilities
editChapter 6, Part 3, §120(d) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe reserves two seats in the Senate for representatives of persons with disabilities.[43] In terms of paragraph 3(3)(b) of the Seventh Schedule to the Electoral Act [Chapter 2:13], one must be male, the other must be female. These Senators are elected by the National Disability Board.[44]
| Gender | Senator | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Female | Rejoice Timire | Died 10 August 2021.[45] |
| Male | Watson Khupe | Died 17 July 2022.[46] |
By-elections, replacements and recalls
editA series of political expulsions of elected representatives from the Movement for Democratic Change Alliance (MDC Alliance) took place between 2020 and 2022. These recalls were initiated by the rival Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T) faction led initially by Thokozani Khupe and later by Douglas Mwonzora, following a Supreme Court ruling that invalidated Nelson Chamisa's leadership of the party. The recalls affected directly elected constituency Members of Parliament (MPs), proportional representation MPs, and senators, leading to numerous by-elections and a significant reduction in opposition strength in Parliament.
The actions were justified under Section 129(1)(k) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe, which allows for the recall of parliamentarians who cease to belong to the party under whose banner they were elected. The recalls stemmed from internal party splits and were contested in several court cases, with mixed outcomes.
The recalls began in May 2020, shortly after a landmark Supreme Court judgment on 31 March 2020 (SC 56-20), which declared Nelson Chamisa's ascension to the MDC-T presidency unconstitutional and reinstated Thokozani Khupe as acting president.[47] This ruling empowered the Khupe/Mwonzora faction to claim authority over MPs and senators elected in the 2018 general election under the MDC Alliance banner, arguing that the Alliance was an electoral pact dominated by the MDC-T.[48]
The primary reason for the recalls was the allegation that the affected parliamentarians had aligned themselves with Chamisa's faction, effectively ceasing membership in the MDC-T.[49] This internal schism was exacerbated by the Supreme Court's decision, which nullified leadership changes post-2014 and triggered a wave of expulsions to "rebuild the party with authentic members."[50]
The impacts were profound: over 20 MPs and multiple senators were recalled, creating vacancies that necessitated by-elections, which had to be delayed until 2022 due to all electoral activities being suspended in light of the COVID 19 pandemic.[51] These by-elections resulted in gains for ZANU–PF in some seats, further eroding opposition influence in Parliament.[52] The recalls were criticized as undermining the will of the electorate and described as a "violent onslaught on democracy."[53] They also strained resources, leading to unnecessary expenditures on by-elections.[54]
Several court disputes arose. In October 2021, the High Court revoked the recalls of six MPs (Kucaca Phulu, Settlement Chikwinya, Willias Madzimure, Regai Tsunga, Sichelesile Mahlangu, and Tendai Biti) and ordered their reinstatement, ruling that the recalling individual lacked authority as they belonged to a rival PDP faction.[55] Eight recalled senators challenged their expulsion in July 2020, arguing that the Senate President unlawfully implemented the recall from the MDC-T instead of the MDC Alliance.[56] Other challenges included a Supreme Court appeal on Senator Lilian Timveos' recall.[57]
Constituency by-elections
editWomen's Quota replacements
edit| Province | Replacement Date | Party of incumbent before vacancy |
Outgoing member | Reason for vacancy | Party of incumbent after substitution |
Member returned | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MBS | 31 July 2020 | ZANU-PF | Alice Ndlovu | Death of member on 29 November 2019 | ZANU-PF | Esther Nyathi | ||
| BYO | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Thabitha Khumalo | Member recalled on 5 May 2020 | MDC-T | Thokozani Khupe | ||
| HRE | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Annah Myambo | Member recalled on 23 June 2020 | MDC-T | Winfielda Yvonne Musarurwa | ||
| HRE | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Virginia Zengeya | Member recalled on 23 June 2020 | MDC-T | Lindani Moyo | ||
| MSC | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Bacillia Majaya | Member recalled on 23 June 2020 | MDC-T | January Sawuke | ||
| MVG | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Machirairwa Mugidho | Member recalled on 23 June 2020 | MDC-T | Memory Munochinzwa | ||
| MBN | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Francisca Ncube | Member recalled on 23 June 2020 | MDC-T | Lwazi Sibanda | ||
| MBS | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Nomathemba Ndlovu | Member recalled on 23 June 2020 | MDC-T | Sipho Mokone | ||
| BYO | 5 February 2021 | MDC Alliance | Dorcas Staff Sibanda | Member recalled on 30 September 2020 | MDC-T | Nomvula Mguni | ||
| MCL | 5 February 2021 | MDC Alliance | Lynette Karenyi | Member recalled on 30 September 2020 | MDC-T | Judith Chimwaza | ||
| MSW | 5 February 2021 | MDC Alliance | Consilia Chinanzvavana | Member recalled on 30 September 2020 | MDC-T | Base Miranzi | ||
| MBS | 4 June 2021 | ZANU-PF | Lisa Singo | Death of member on 4 February 2021 | ZANU-PF | Metrine Mudau | ||
| BYO | 18 February 2022 | MDC-T | Priscilla Misihairambwi Mushonga | Member appointed Ambassador to Sweden on 10 September 2021 | MDC-T | Moreblessing Tembo | ||
| BYO | 19 July 2022 | MDC Alliance | Thokozani Khupe | Member recalled on 7 February 2022 | MDC Alliance | Visitor Ndebele | ||
| BYO | 19 July 2022 | MDC Alliance | Nomvula Mguni | Member recalled on 7 February 2022 | MDC Alliance | Florence Nyika | ||
| BYO | 6 January 2023 | ZANU-PF | Ophar Ncube | Death of member on 25 February 2022 | ZANU-PF | Eulysses Nowedza | ||
Senate replacements
edit| Quota | Province | Replacement Date | Representing | Outgoing member | Reason for vacancy | Representing | Member returned | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial | MBN | 2 November 2018 | ZANU-PF | Obert Mpofu | Resignation of member on 25 September 2018 | ZANU-PF | Cain Mathema | ||
| Provincial | MBN | 2 November 2018 | ZANU-PF | Thokozile Mathuthu | Death of member on 13 August 2018 | ZANU-PF | Sikhanyisiwe Mpofu | ||
| Provincial | BYO | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Siphiwe Ncube | Member recalled 30 June 2020 | MDC-T | Dorothy Molly Ndlovu | ||
| Provincial | BYO | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Gideon Shoko | Member recalled 30 June 2020 | MDC-T | Kalpani Phugeni | ||
| Provincial | BYO | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Helen Zivira | Member recalled 30 June 2020 | MDC-T | Tamani Moyo | ||
| Provincial | MCL | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Keresencia Chabuka | Member recalled 30 June 2020 | MDC-T | Getrude Moyo | ||
| Provincial | MSE | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Tapfumanei Wunganayi Muzoda | Member recalled 30 June 2020 | MDC-T | Piniel Denga | ||
| Provincial | MBN | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Hebert Sinampande | Member recalled 30 June 2020 | MDC-T | Chief Ndlovu | ||
| Provincial | MBS | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Meliwe Phuthi | Member recalled 30 June 2020 | MDC-T | Nomalanga Khumalo | ||
| Provincial | MID | 2 October 2020 | MDC Alliance | Lilian Timveos | Member recalled 5 May 2020 | MDC-T | Teti Chisorochengwe | ||
| Provincial | MSC | 6 October 2020 | ZANU-PF | Perrance Shiri | Death of member on 29 July 2020 | ZANU-PF | Eleven Kambizi | ||
| Provincial | MID | 16 March 2021 | ZANU-PF | Sibusiso Moyo | Death of member on 20 January 2021 | ZANU-PF | Frederick Makamure Shava | ||
| Provincial | MCL | 19 March 2021 | ZANU-PF | Ellen Gwaradzimba | Death of member on 15 January 2021 | ZANU-PF | Dorothy Mabika | ||
| Provincial | MCL | 11 June 2021 | MDC Alliance | Christine Rambanepasi | Death of member on 3 January 2021 | MDC-T | Edith Baipai | ||
| Provincial | MBS | 18 February 2022 | ZANU-PF | Simon Khaya Moyo | Death of member on 14 November 2021 | ZANU-PF | Nicholas Nkomo | ||
| Provincial | MBN | 22 April 2022 | MDC Alliance | Phyllis Ndlovu | Death of member on 1 February 2022 | MDC Alliance | Chinyani Chezha | ||
| Disabilities | Female | 14 May 2022 | N/a | Rejoice Timire | Death of member on 10 August 2021 | N/a | Nasper Manyau | ||
| Provincial | BYO | 11 November 2022 | MDC-T | Mildred Reason Dube | Death of member on 27 June 2022 | MDC Alliance | Marilyn Nobuhle Ndiweni | ||
| Disabilities | Male | 19 November 2022 | N/a | Watson Khupe | Death of member on 17 July 2022 | N/a | Ishumael Zhou | ||
| Provincial | HRE | 31 March 2023 | ZANU-PF | Oliver Chidawu | Death of member on 19 July 2022 | ZANU-PF | Godfrey Gijima | ||
Notes
edit- ↑ Under the Constitution of Zimbabwe, a new term of Parliament begins on the day that the President-Elect is sworn in following a general election. Members themselves were sworn in on 5 September 2018.
- ↑ The Chiefs typically vote in line with ZANU-PF Senators.
- ↑ Although MDC-A officially won the vote count, due to a miscalculation on the day ZANU-PF was declared the winner, and the ZANU-PF member eventually took the seat in Parliament. The case was heard in court as Gift Machoka Konjana v Dexter Nduna.
References
edit- 1 2 3 4 5 Kakore, Nyemudzai (6 August 2018). "MPs to be sworn in after ED inauguration". The Herald. Retrieved 12 August 2018.[permanent dead link]
- 1 2 Langa, Veneranda (13 August 2018). "Mnangagwa's inauguration put on hold". NewsDay Zimbabwe. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ↑ "Mnangagwa's inauguration postponed after court challenge". IOL News. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ↑ "Election Watch 1-2020 - Suspension of Election Activities". Veritas. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "SI 2020-225A Public Health (COVID-19 Prevention, Containment and Treatment) (Amendment) Regulations, 2020 (No. 4)". Veritas. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Zimbabwe: Legal Opinion - Why the Suspension of By-Elections Is Unconstitutional and Illegal". AllAfrica.com. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Zimbabwe lifts two year ban on by-elections". ZAWYA. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Summary Of The State of the Nation Address And The Legislative Agenda For The First Session of the Ninth Parliament of Zimbabwe". ZimEye. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ↑ Murwira, Zvamaida (17 October 2019). "Wake-up call for MPs as 6 Bills lapse". The Herald. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ↑ Murwira, Zvamaida (16 September 2019). "President to open 2nd Parly session". The Herald. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ↑ "BILL WATCH 71/2020 - 2nd Session Ended - 3rd Session Opened". Veritas. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
- 1 2 "Opening of the Fourth Session of Parliament". The Zimbabwe Mail. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ↑ Machingura, Gretinah (8 October 2021). "Zimbabwean president sets legislative agenda amid growth prospects". Xinhua. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ↑ "BILL WATCH 56-2022 - New Session of Parliament Opens in New Building | veritaszim". Veritas. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- 1 2 Mupanga, Godfrey. "When Electoral Justice Miscarries: The Election Petition Case of Gift Machoka Konjana v Dexter Nduna" (PDF). Zimbabwe Legal Information Institute. Harare: ZLII. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
- ↑ Article 6, Clause 4, Section 124 (PDF), Constitution of Zimbabwe, 2013, retrieved 3 September 2023 – via Veritas Zimbabwe
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The legality of 6 PDP MPs recall". NewsDay. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "MDC-T recalls 10 legislators". The Herald. Harare, Zimbabwe: The Herald. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
- ↑ Chibamu, Anna (5 November 2020). "MDC Alliance MP dies". New Zimbabwe. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ↑ "BREAKING: Tsvangirai-Java dies". The Herald. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "4 MDC legislators recalled from Parliament". The Zimbabwe Mail. 5 May 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ↑ Nkomo, Costa (7 September 2020). "BREAKING: Kuwadzana MP Miriam Mushayi Dies". New Zimbabwe. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ↑ Muvishi, Andrew (11 September 2020). "JUST IN: MP Chidakwa dies". Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ↑ "Obituary Dr Joel Biggie Matiza". The Herald. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ↑ "Zanu-PF expels Killer Zivhu". The Zimbabwe Mail. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ↑ "Zanu PF's Mwenezi East MP Joosbi Omar Has Died". New Zimbabwe. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ↑ Dube, Vusumuzi (11 August 2021). "Tsholotsho South MP dies". The Sunday News. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ↑ "Former Deputy Home Affairs Minister Mguni dies". New Zimbabwe. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ↑ Magoronga, Michael (28 July 2020). "Kwekwe Central legislator, Blackman dies". The Chronicle. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ↑ "BREAKING: Zanu PF MP Alum Mpofu Dies". New Zimbabwe. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ↑ Article 6, Clause 4, Section 124 (PDF), Constitution of Zimbabwe, 2013, retrieved 3 September 2023 – via Veritas Zimbabwe
- 1 2 "Appointment of Senator". Zimbabwean Government Gazette. XCX (140): 15885. 2 December 2022 – via Gazettes.Africa.
- ↑ Article 6, Clause 3, Section 120 (PDF), Constitution of Zimbabwe, 2013, retrieved 3 September 2023 – via Veritas Zimbabwe
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chibamu, Anna (1 July 2020). "Defiant Khupe Recalls 8 More MDC Alliance Senators". New Zimbabwe. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ↑ Goba, Cynthia (28 June 2022). "Ex Home Affairs minister dies, Zimbabwe plunged into mourning". My Zimbabwe News. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ↑ Ndoro, Nyashadzashe (19 July 2022). "Harare Provincial Minister Oliver Chidawu succumbs to heart attack". Nehanda Radio. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ↑ "Passion Java's Mother & MDC's Senator Has Died". Africa Press. 3 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ↑ "Malianga, Gwaradzimba declared national heroes". The Sunday Mail. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ↑ "Announcements by the Hon. President of the Senate". Senate Hansard. 31 (19): 1. 15 February 2022.
- ↑ "BREAKING- Former Matabeleland Minister Of State Thokozile Angela Mathuthu Dies". ZimEye. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- ↑ Article 6, Clause 3, Section 120 (PDF), Constitution of Zimbabwe, 2013, retrieved 3 September 2023 – via Veritas Zimbabwe
- ↑ Electoral Act [Chapter 2:13] (PDF). Zimbabwe. 1 February 2005. p. 40-41.
- ↑ Article 6, Clause 3, Section 120 (PDF), Constitution of Zimbabwe, 2013, retrieved 3 September 2023 – via Veritas Zimbabwe
- ↑ Electoral Act [Chapter 2:13] (PDF). Zimbabwe. 1 February 2005. p. 114-115.
- ↑ "Condolence Message for Senator Timire Rejoice". H Metro. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
- ↑ Chibukwa, Tafadzwa (25 July 2022). "Senator Watson Khupe gets befitting send-off". The Chronicle. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
- ↑ "SC 56-20 - MDC et al v Mashavira et al - Supreme Court judgment of 31st March 2020". Veritaszim. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Concerning the recall of MDC Alliance MPs". Zimbabwe Situation. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Concerning the recall of MDC Alliance MPs". Zimbabwe Situation. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Reflections on MDC-A recalls". Zimbabwe Situation. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "List of members of the 9th Parliament of Zimbabwe". Wikipedia. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Electoral manipulation weakens Zimbabwe's opposition". Emerald Expert Briefings. 21 December 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Recall Of MDC Alliance MPs, A Violent Onslaught On Democracy". 263Chat. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Recalls, subsequent by-elections, lessons learnt and insights into possible reforms" (PDF). Zimbabwe Election Support Network. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "High Court Revokes Recall of Opposition MPs". Veritaszim. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "Recalled MDC Alliance senators challenge Khupe". Zimbabwe Situation. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
- ↑ "MDC-T and 2 Others v Timveos and 4 Others (9 of 2022)". ZimLII. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2025.