The 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (Chinese: 欽定藏內善後章程二十九條[1]), also called twenty-nine-article Imperial Ordinance,[2] was an imperial decree concerning the governance of Tibet that was supposedly issued by the Qianlong Emperor of China's Qing dynasty in 1793.[3][4][independent source needed]
| 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 欽定藏內善後章程二十九條 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 钦定藏内善後章程二十九条 | ||||||
| |||||||
There were three versions in the Tibetan language, and the original was not found. The corresponding text in Chinese was not listed as 29 articles, but parts and parcels of it were seen in various memorials to the throne and decrees.[5][6][independent source needed]
In 1792, the Qianlong Emperor published The Discourse of Lama that described the history of lamas and the reincarnation system. In it he described how the Golden Urn system was invented and said it would be a more fair mechanism of selecting the Dalai Lama than choosing reincarnated lamas based on private designation, or based on one person's decision. It is also used to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches and lamas.[7][8][unreliable source?]
See also
editReferences
edit- ↑ "欽定藏內善後章程/欽定藏內善後章程二十九條". zh.wikisource.org.
- ↑ Schwieger, Peter (March 31, 2015). The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China: A Political History of the Tibetan Institution of Reincarnation. Columbia University Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780231538602.
- ↑ Xiaoming Zhang (2004). China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0608-1.
- ↑ Jiawei Wang; Gyaincain Nyima (1997). The Historical Status of China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-7-80113-304-5.
- ↑ "张云：钦定藏内善后章程二十九条的形成与版本问题" [The compilation and versions of 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet]. iqh.net.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
- ↑ "藏文《水牛年文书》和《新订章程二十九条》探析" [A Study of Tibetan Documents of the Water-Ox year and 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet]. 西藏研究 (in Chinese) (3). 1993. Archived from the original on 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2020-12-20 – via tibet.cn.
- ↑ "御制《喇嘛说》碑 - - 活佛转世数字馆". www.livingbuddha.cn.
- ↑ "乾隆皇帝的《喇嘛说》碑文". www.douban.com.
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