Wikipedia

List of Internet top-level domains

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This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of February 2026, the IANA root database includes 1593 TLDs. This database also includes 156 that are not assigned (revoked or retired) and 11 test domains,[1] all of which are not represented in IANA's TLD listing[2] nor in the root.zone file (the file also includes one root domain).[3]

Types

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IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[4]

Original top-level domains

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Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, prior to the creation of ICANN in 1998.

Name Entity Administrator[5] Notes IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.comCommercialVerisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,[6] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense.YesYesYesYes
.orgOrganizationPublic Interest RegistryThis is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."[7][8] While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use.YesYesYesYes
.netNetworkVerisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."[8]YesYesYesYes
.intInternationalInternet Assigned Numbers AuthorityThe .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria.NoYesYesYes
.eduEducationEducause (via Verisign)The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names.NoYesYesYes
.govU.S. national and state government agenciesCybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign)The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments.NoYesYesYes
.milU.S. militaryUnited States Department of DefenseThe .mil TLD is restricted to departments, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense.NoYesYesYes

Infrastructure top-level domains

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InfrastructureEntityNotesIDNDNSSEC
.arpa"Address and Routing Parameter Area"Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD.NoYes

Country code top-level domains

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As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022, the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.[1]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

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Internationalized domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

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English

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There are currently over 530 generic Internet top-level domains that use common English words. These are now found in a separate article.

Chinese (.cn)

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Name Chinese term Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.ren人 rén"people/person" in Mandarin pinyinRestricted TLD[9](Cancelled)[10]UnknownYes
.shouji手机 shǒujīmobile phone—QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.tushu图书 túshūbooks—Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.wanggou网购 wǎnggòuonline shopping—Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.weibo微博 wēibómicroblogging—Sina Corporation
.xihuan喜欢 xǐhuānlike—QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.xin信 xìncredit; honest—Alibaba Group

French (.fr)

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.arteAssociation relative à la télévision européenne, whose acronym is arte, "art"—Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E.[11]
.clinique"clinic or hospital" —The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.[11]
.luxe"luxury" —Minds + Machines[n 1]UnknownYes
.maison"house"—Identity Digital[n 2]YesYes
.moi"me" —Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
.rsvpInvitations and replies—Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 3]UnknownYes
.sarlSociété à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company—Identity Digital[n 2]YesYes

German (.de)

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.eposte-mail—Deutsche Post AG
.gmbhGmbHUpon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. Identity DigitalYesYes
.haus"house"—Identity Digital[n 4]YesYes
.immobilien"real estate"—Identity Digital[n 4]Yes[12]Yes
.jetzt"now"—Identity DigitalYesYes
.kaufen"buy"—Identity Digital[n 4]Yes[12]Yes
.kinder"children"restricted .brand TLDFerrero Trading Lux S.A.
.reise"travel"Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.[13]Identity DigitalYes[12]Yes
.reisen"traveling"—Identity Digital[n 2]Yes[12]Yes
.schule"school"—Identity Digital[n 2]YesYes
.versicherung"insurance"—Latin script[12]Yes

Hindi

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.desiDesi (देसी), term for the peoples of the Indian subcontinent—Desi NetworksUnknownYes
.shikshaशिक्षा, "education"—Identity DigitalUnknownYes

Italian (.it)

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.casa"house"—Minds + Machines[n 1]YesYes
.immoFrench, German,[14] and Italian abbreviation for "real estate"—Identity Digital[n 2]YesYes
.moda"fashion"—Identity Digital[n 4]Yes[12]Yes
.voto"vote", for election and campaign websites[15] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.[16]Identity DigitalUnknownYes

Portuguese (.pt)

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.bom"good"—Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
.passagens"ticket"—Travel Reservations SRL

Spanish (.es)

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Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.abogado"lawyer"To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.[17]Minds + Machines[n 1]UnknownYes
.futbol"Football" (soccer)—Identity Digital[n 4]YesYes
.gratis"free"—Identity Digital[n 2]YesYes
.hoteles"hotels"—Travel Reservations SRL
.juegos"games"—Identity Digital[n 4]Yes
.ltdacompanies in South AmericaDomains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador.[18]InterNetXUnknownYes
.soy"I am"
Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives		—Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 3]Latin script, Japanese[19]Yes
.tienda"shop", "store"—Identity DigitalYesYes
.uno"one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers—SpanishYes
.viajes"travel" or "trips"—Identity DigitalSpanishYes
.vuelos"flights"—Travel Reservations SRLYesYes

Internationalized generic top-level domains

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All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

Arabic script

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DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--4gbrim[20].موقعArabicArabicmawqiʿ "site" or "location"Open TLDYes
xn--fhbei[20].كومkūmcomOwned by: VeriSign Sarl[11]
xn--mgbb9fbpob[20].موبايليmūbāylīMobilyOwned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[11]
xn--mgbi4ecexp[20].كاثوليكkāthūlīkCatholicOwned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)[11]
xn--ngbc5azd[20].شبكةArabicshabaka"network"Open TLDYes
xn--ngbe9e0a[20].بيتكbaytak your homeOwned by: Kuwait Finance House[11]
xn--mgbab2bd[20].بازارPersianbâzâr"market", "bazaar"Open TLDYes

Chinese characters

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DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--3ds443g[20].在线ChineseChinese (Simplified)zàixiàn"online"Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.[21]		 Yes
xn--fiq228c5hs[20].中文网Zhōngwén wǎng"(written) Chinese (language) network"
xn--ses554g[20].网址wǎngzhǐ"network address" or "website"Open TLD
xn--5tzm5g[20].网站wǎngzhàn"website"
xn--io0a7i[20].网络wǎngluò"network"
xn--55qx5d[20].公司Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)gōngsī"business organization" or "company"
xn--czru2d[20].商城shāngchéng"mall"
xn--nqv7f[20].机构Chinese (Simplified)jīgòu"agency"
xn--6qq986b3xl[20].我爱你wǒ ài nǐ"I love you"
xn--czr694b[20].商标shāngbiāo"trademark"
xn--rhqv96g[20].世界Chinese and JapaneseChinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanjishìjiè
sekai		"world"
xn--3bst00m[20].集团ChineseChinese (Simplified)jítuán"conglomerate"
xn--30rr7y[20].慈善Chinese and JapaneseChinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanjicíshàn
jizen		"philanthropy"
xn--45q11c[20].八卦ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)bāguà"gossip"
xn--55qw42g[20].公益Chinese and JapaneseChinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanjigōngyì
kōeki		"philanthropy"
xn--g2xx48c[20].购物ChineseChinese (Simplified)gòuwù"shopping"
xn--kput3i[20].手机shǒujī"cell phone"
xn--mxtq1m[20].政府Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)zhèngfǔ"public affairs"Second level restricted to ISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions[22]


Cyrillic script

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DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--d1acj3b[20].детиRussianCyrillic (Russian)dyeti"kids" or "children"Open TLDYes
xn--80aqecdr1a[20].католикCyrillicKatolik"сatholic" (as noun)Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications)[11]
xn--j1aef[20].комRussianCyrillic (Russian)kom"com"Owned by: VeriSign Sarl
xn--80asehdb[20].онлайнonlain"online"Open TLDYes
xn--c1avg[20].оргorg"org" or "organization"Open TLDYes
xn--80aswg[20].сайтsait"site"Open TLDYes
xn--p1ai.рфrf"Russian Federation"Yes

Japanese characters

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DNS Name IDN Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--q9jyb4c[20].みんなHiraganaminnaeveryoneOpen TLD[23]Yes
xn--1ck2e1b[20].セールKatakanasērusaleOwned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[11]
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c[20].ファッションfasshonfashion
xn--cck2b3b[20].ストアsutoastore
xn--eckvdtc9d[20].ポイントpointopoint
xn--gckr3f0f[20].クラウドkuraudocloud
xn--tckwe[20].コムkomucomOwned by: VeriSign Sarl[11]

Other scripts

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DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--54b7fta0cc[24] .বাংলা Bengali Bengali Bānlā Bangla Open TLD
xn‑‑h2brj9c[25] .भारत Hindi Devanagari bharat India
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e[20].संगठनMarathi, HindiDevanagarisaṅgaṭhana"organization"Open TLDYes
xn--11b4c3d[20].कॉमkomcom
xn--c2br7g[20].नेटnetnet
xn--mk1bu44c[20].닷컴KoreanHanguldatkeom / tatk'ŏmdotcom
xn--t60b56a[20].닷넷datnet / tatnetdotnet
xn--9dbq2a[20].קוםHebrewHebrewkumcomOpen TLDYes
xn--42c2d9a[20].คอมThaiThaikhomcom

Geographic top-level domains

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Africa

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.africaAfrica[11][26]Yes
.capetownCape Town, South Africa[27]UnknownYes
.durbanDurban, South Africa[28]UnknownYes
.joburgJohannesburg, South Africa[29]UnknownYes

Asia

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.abudhabiAbu DhabiUAE[11]Yes
.arab League of Arab States[11]Yes
.asia Asia–Pacific regionThis is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific.Chinese, Japanese, Korean[12]Yes
.dohaDohaQatar[11]
.dubaiDubaiUAE[11]Yes
.krd KurdistanThis is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan[30][31]KurdishYes
.kyoto Kyoto Japan [32]Yes
.nagoyaNagoya[33]Japanese[12]Yes
.okinawaOkinawa[34]JapaneseYes
.osakaOsaka[11]Yes
.ryukyuRyukyu Islands[35]UnknownYes
.taipeiTaipeiTaiwanIntroduced in September 2014[36]UnknownYes
.tokyoTokyo Japan[37]YesYes
.yokohamaYokohama[38]JapaneseYes

Europe

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Geographic TLDs in Belgium
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.brusselsBrusselsThe English designation is used to avoid translation issues. The domains .brussel and .bruxelles are not permitted, as they are considered derivatives.[39]Latin script[12]Yes
.gent Ghent [40]UnknownYes
.vlaanderen Flanders [41]Latin script[12]Yes
Geographic TLDs in France
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.alsaceAlsace"The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."[42]UnknownYes
.bzh Brittany Breizh in Breton.[43] This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton cultureFrench[12]Yes
.corsica Corsica TLD Related to Corsican CultureUnknownYes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[44]UnknownYes
.paris Paris "Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"[45]YesYes
Geographic TLDs in Germany
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bayernBavaria[46]YesYes
.berlinBerlinMust have a connection to Berlin, Germany. For example: a company based in Berlin, a person from Berlin, etc.[47]Latin and Cyrillic scripts[12]Yes
.cologne Cologne [48]YesYes
.koeln [49]YesYes
.hamburg Hamburg Latin script[12]Yes
.nrw North Rhine-Westphalia [50]YesYes
.ruhr Ruhr [51]German[12]Yes
.saarland Saarland [52]UnknownYes
Geographic TLDs in Spain
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bcnBarcelona[11]Yes
.barcelonaUnknownYes
.cat Catalonia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[53]Catalan[12]Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[44]UnknownYes
.gal Galicia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.[54]UnknownYes
.madrid Madrid [55]UnknownYes
Other European Geographic TLDs
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.euEuropean Union[56] Available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union.YesYes
.amsterdamAmsterdam Netherlands[57]UnknownYes
.barBar Montenegro[11] Mostly used for bars and other alcohol facilities worldwideUnknownYes
.cymruWales United Kingdom[58]Welsh[12]Yes
.wales [58]Welsh[12]Yes
.frlFriesland NetherlandsFryslân in (West) Frisian, one of the twelve provinces in the Netherlands.[59]UnknownYes
.helsinkiHelsinki FinlandUnknownYes
.irishIreland and Irish diasporaUnknownYes
.istIstanbul TurkeyUnknownYes
.istanbulUnknownYes
.london London United Kingdom [60]YesYes
.moscow [ru]Moscow Russia[61]YesYes
.scot Scotland United Kingdom [62]UnknownYes
.stockholmStockholm SwedenUsed only by the city organisation itself.[11]Yes[63]Yes
.swissSwitzerland[11]Yes[64]Yes
.tatarTatar peoples and placesTatarstan is a region in Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.[65]UnknownYes
.tirolTyrol Austria[66]Yes[12]Yes
.wienVienna Austria[67]Latin script[12]Yes
.zuerichZurich Switzerland[68]UnknownYes
.suSoviet Union[69]Yes[12]Yes

North America

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC Alternatives
.bostonBoston, Massachusetts United States[11]Yes.boston.ma.us
.miamiMiami, Florida[70]UnknownYes.miami.fl.us
.nycNew York, New York[71]Spanish[12]Yes.new-york.ny.us
.quebecQuebec Canada[72]UnknownYes.qc.ca
.vegasLas Vegas, Nevada United States[73]YesYes.las-vegas.nv.us

Oceania

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.kiwiNew Zealand[74]Latin script[12]Yes
.melbourneMelbourne, Australia[75]UnknownYes
.sydneySydney, Australia[76]UnknownYes

South America

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Internationalized geographic top-level domains

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DNS name Display name Entity Language Script Transliteration Notes Other TLD IDN DNSSEC
xn--1qqw23a[20].佛山Foshan, ChinaChineseChinese (Simplified)fat6 saan1[80]YesYes
xn--xhq521b[20].广东Guangdong, Chinagwong2 dung1[11]
xn--80adxhks[20].москва [ru]Moscow, RussiaRussianCyrillic (Russian)moskva[81].moscowRussian[12]Yes
xn--p1acf[20].русRussian language, post-Soviet statesrus[11].su
xn--mgbca7dzdo[20].ابوظبيAbu DhabiArabicArabicAbū Ẓabī[11].abudhabi
xn--ngbrx[20].عربArab‘Arab[11]

Brand and corporate top-level domains

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Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.aaa American Automobile Association[11]Yes
.aarp AARP[11]Yes
.abarthStellantis (Abarth)IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.abbABB[11]Yes
.abbottAbbott Laboratories[11]Yes
.abbvieAbbVie[11]Yes
.abcAmerican Broadcasting Company[83][11]Yes
.accentureAccenture[11]Yes
.acoACO Ahlmann SE & Co. KG[11]Yes
.aegAktiebolaget Electrolux[11]Yes
.aetnaAetna[11]Yes
.aflAustralian Football League[11]Yes
.agakhanAga Khan Foundation[11]Yes
.AgilentAgilent[11]Yes
.aigAmerican International Group[11]Yes
.aigoAigo[11]
.airbusAirbus[11]Yes
.airtelBharti Airtel[11]Yes
.akdnAga Khan Foundation[11]Yes
.alfaromeoStellantis (Alfa Romeo)IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.alibabaAlibaba Group[11]Yes
.alipayAlibaba Group[11]Yes
.allfinanzAllfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft[84]UnknownYes
.allstateAllstate[11]Yes
.allyAlly Financial[11]Yes
.alstomAlstom[11]Yes
.amazon Amazon Yes
.americanexpressAmerican Express[11]Yes
.amexAmerican Express[11]Yes
.amicaAmica Mutual Insurance[11]Yes
.androidGoogle (Android)[85]UnknownYes
.anzAustralia & New Zealand Banking Group[11]Yes
.aolAOL[11]Yes
.appleApple[11][86]Yes
.aquarelleAquarelle.com Group[87]UnknownYes
.aramcoAramco[11]Yes
.arteArteYes
.audiAudi[11]Yes
.audibleAudible (Amazon Registry Services, Inc.)Yes
.auspostAustralia Post[11]Yes
.awsAmazon Web Services[11]Yes
.axaAxa[88]Yes[12]Yes
.azureMicrosoft (Azure)[11]Yes
.baiduBaidu[11]Yes
.bananarepublicGap (Banana Republic)[11]
.barclaycardBarclays[89]UnknownYes
.barclaysBarclays[89]UnknownYes
.basketballFIBA[90]Yes
.bauhausWerkhaus GmbH[11]Yes
.bbcBBC[11]Yes
.bbtBB&T[11]Yes
.bbvaBanco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria[11]Yes
.bcgBoston Consulting Group[11]Yes
.bentleyBentley[11]Yes
.bestbuyBest Buy (BBY Solutions, Inc.)Yes
.bhartiBharti Enterprises[11]Yes
.bingMicrosoft (Bing)[11]Yes
.blancoBLANCO GmbH + Co KG[11]
.bloombergBloomberg[91]UnknownYes
.bmsBristol Myers Squibb[11]Yes
.bmwBMW[92]NoYes
.bnlBanca Nazionale del Lavoro[93]Unknown
.bnpparibasBNP Paribas[94]UnknownYes
.boehringerBoehringer Ingelheim[11]Yes
.bondBond University[11]Later became a gTLD on 26 November 2019Yes
.bookingBooking.com[11]Yes
.boschRobert Bosch GmbH[11]Yes
.bostikBostik[11]Yes
.bradescoBradesco[95]UnknownYes
.braveBrave Software[11]Yes
.bridgestoneBridgestone[11]Yes
.brotherBrother Industries[11]Yes
.bugattiBugatti[11]
.calGoogle (Calendar)[96]UnknownYes
.calvinkleinPVH[11]Yes
.canonCanon[11]Yes
.capitaloneCapital One[11]Yes
.caravanCaravan International[97]UnknownYes
.cartierRichemont DNS[11]
.catholicPontifical Council for Social Communications[11]Yes
.cbaCommonwealth Bank[11]Yes
.cbnChristian Broadcasting Network[11]Yes
.cbreCBRE Group[11]Yes
.cbsCBS[11]
.cernCERN[98]UnknownYes
.cfaCFA Institute[11]Yes
.chanelChanel[11]Yes
.chaseChase Bank[11]Yes
.chintaiChintai Corporation [ja][11]Yes
.chromeGoogle (Chrome)[99]UnknownYes
.chryslerChrysler[11]
.ciprianiHotel Cipriani Srl[11]Yes
.ciscoCisco Systems[11]Yes
.citadelCitadel Domain[11]Yes
.citiCitigroup[11]Yes
.citicCITIC Group[100]NoYes
.clubmedClub Med[11]Yes
.comcastComcast[11]
.commbankCommonwealth Bank[11]Yes
.creditunionCUNA Performance Resources[11]Yes
.crownCrown Equipment Corporation[11]Yes
.crsFederated Co-operatives
(Co-Operative Retailing System)		[101]UnknownYes
.csc DXC Technology
.cuisinellaSociété Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisinella)[102]UnknownYes
.daburDabur[11]Yes
.datsunNissan (Datsun)[11]Yes
.dealerDealer Dot Com[11]Yes
.dellDell[11]Yes
.deloitteDeloitte[11]Yes
.deltaDelta Air Lines[11]Yes
.dhlDeutsche Post[11]Yes
.discoverDiscover Financial Services[11]Yes
.dishDish Network[11]Yes
.dnpDai Nippon Printing[103]UnknownYes
.dodgeChrysler (Dodge)[11]
.dunlopGoodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Dunlop Tyres)[11]Yes
.dupontDuPont[11]Yes
.dvagDeutsche Vermögensberatung[104]UnknownYes
.edekaEdeka[105]UnknownYes
.emerckMerck Group[106]UnknownYes
.epsonSeiko Epson[11]Yes
.ericssonEricsson[11]Yes
.erniERNI Group Holding AG[11]Yes
.esuranceEsurance[11]
.etisalatEtisalat[11]
.eurovisionEuropean Broadcasting Union (Eurovision)[11]Yes
.everbankEverBank[107]Unknown
.extraspaceExtra Space Storage[11]Yes
.fageFage[11]Yes
.fairwindsFairWinds Partners[11]Yes
.farmersFarmers Insurance Exchange[11]Yes
.fedexFedEx[11]Yes
.ferrariStellantis (Ferrari)IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]Yes
.ferreroFerrero[11]Yes
.fiatStellantis (Fiat)IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.fidelityFidelity Investments[11]Yes
.firestoneBridgestone[11]Yes
.firmdaleFirmdale Holdings[108]UnknownYes
.flickrYahoo! (Flickr)[11]Yes
.flirFLIR Systems[11]Yes
.flsmidthFLSmidth[109]Unknown
.fordFord[11]Yes
.foxFOX Registry, LLC[11]Yes
.freseniusFresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH[11]Yes
.frogansOP3FTSolely for use by the Frogans technology[110]Yes[12]Yes
.frontierFrontier Communications[11]Yes
.fujitsuFujitsu[11]Yes
.fujixeroxFuji Xerox[11]
.galloE & J Gallo Winery[11]Yes
.gallupGallup[11]Yes
.gapGap[11]Yes
.gbizGoogle[111]UnknownYes
.geaGEA Group[11]Yes
.gentingGenting Group[11]Yes
.givingPublic Interest Registry[11]Yes
.gleGoogle[112]UnknownYes
.globoGrupo Globo[113]NoYes
.gmailGoogle (Gmail)[114]UnknownYes
.gmoGMO Internet[115]UnknownYes
.gmx1&1 Mail & Media (GMX, Global Message Exchange)[116]UnknownYes
.godaddyGo Daddy[11]Yes
.goldpointYodobashi Camera[11]Yes
.goodyearGoodyear Tire and Rubber Company[11]Yes
.googGoogle[117]UnknownYes
.googleGoogle[118]UnknownYes
.graingerGrainger Registry Services, LLC[11]Yes
.guardianGuardian Life Insurance Company of America[11]
.gucciGucci[11]Yes
.hboHBO[11]Yes
.hdfcHousing Development Finance Corporation[11]Yes
.hdfcbankHDFC Bank[11]Yes
.hermesHermès[11]Yes
.hisamitsuHisamitsu Pharmaceutical[11]Yes
.hitachiHitachi[11]Yes
.hktHong Kong Telecom[11]Yes
.homegoodsHomeGoods (The TJX Companies, Inc.)Yes
.homesenseHomeSense (The TJX Companies, Inc.)Yes
.hondaHonda[11]Yes
.honeywellHoneywell[11]
.hotmailMicrosoft (Hotmail)[11]Yes
.hsbcHSBC[119]UnknownYes
.hughesHughes Network Systems[11]Yes
.hyattHyatt[11]Yes
.hyundaiHyundai Motor Company[11]Yes
.ibmIBM[120]UnknownYes
.iceIntercontinental ExchangeYes
.ieeeInstitute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers[11]Yes
.ifmifm electronic gmbh[11]Yes
.ikanoIkano[11]Yes
.imdbAmazon (IMDb)[11]Yes
.infinitiNissan (Infiniti)[11]Yes
.intelIntel[11]
.intuitIntuit[11]Yes
.ipirangaIpiranga[11]Yes
.iselectiSelect[11]
.itauItaú Unibanco[11]Yes
.itvITV[11]Yes
.ivecoCNH Industrial (Iveco)[11]
.jaguarJaguar Land Rover[11]Yes
.javaOracle (Java)[11]Yes
.jcbJCB[11]Yes
.jcpJCP Media[11]
.jeepChrysler (Jeep)[11]Yes
.jio Reliance Industries (Jio) [11] Yes
.jpmorganJPMorgan Chase[11]Yes
.juniperJuniper Networks[11]Yes
.kddiKDDI[11]Yes
.kerryhotelsKerry Trading Co. Limited[11]Yes
.kerrypropertiesKerry Trading Co. Limited[11]Yes
.kfhKuwait Finance House[11]Yes
.kiaKia Motors Corporation[11]Yes
.kinderFerrero (Kinder Surprise)[11]
.kindleAmazon (Kindle)[11]Yes
.komatsuKomatsu[11]Yes
.kpmgKPMG[11]Yes
.kredKredTLD[121]UnknownYes
.kuokgroupKerry Trading Co. Limited[11]Yes
.lacaixaCaixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona[122]UnknownYes
.ladbrokesLadbrokes[11]
.lamborghiniLamborghini[11]Yes
.lancasterLancaster (Coty)[11]Yes
.lanciaStellantis (Lancia)IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.lancomeL'Oréal (Lancôme)[11]
.landroverJaguar Land Rover[11]Yes
.lanxessLanxess[11]Yes
.lasalleJLL[11]Yes
.latrobeLa Trobe University[123]UnknownYes
.ldsThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[124][125]UnknownYes
.leclerc E.Leclerc [126] Yes
.legoLego Group[11]Yes
.liaisonLiaison Technologies[11]
.lexusToyota (Lexus)[11]Yes
.lidlLidl[11]Yes
.lifestyleLifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc.[11]Yes
.lillyEli Lilly and Company[11]Yes
.lincolnFord (Lincoln)[11]Yes
.lindeLinde[11]
.lipsyLipsy Ltd[11]Yes
.lixilLixil Group[11]
.locusLocus Analytics[11]Yes
.lotteLotte Holdings[11]Yes
.lplLPL Financial[11]Yes
.lplfinancialLPL Financial[11]Yes
.lundbeckLundbeck[11]Yes
.lupinLupin Limited[11]
.macysMacy's[11]
.maifMAIF[11]Yes
.manMAN[11]Yes
.mangoMango[127]Latin script[12]Yes
.marriottMarriott International[11]Yes
.maseratiStellantis (Maserati)IANA[11] lists FCA; which merged into Stellantis in 2021[82]
.mattelMattel[11]Yes
.mckinseyMcKinsey & Company[11]Yes
.metlifeMetLife[11]
.microsoftMicrosoft[11]Yes
.miniBMW (Mini)[128]NoYes
.mintIntuit Mint (Intuit Administrative Services, Inc.)Yes
.mitMassachusetts Institute of Technology[11]Yes
.mitsubishiMitsubishi Corporation[11]Yes
.mlbMLB Advanced Media[11]Yes
.mmaMMA IARD[11]Yes
.monashMonash University[129][130]NoYes
.mormonThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[124][131]UnknownYes
.motoMotorola[11]Yes
.movistarTelefónica (Movistar)[11]
.msdMSD Registry Holdings, Inc.[11]Yes
.mtnMTN[11]Yes
.mtrMTR Corporation[11]Yes
.mutualNorthwestern Mutual[11]
.nadexNadex[11]
.nationwideNationwide Mutual Insurance Company[11]
.naturaNatura & Co[11]
.nbaNational Basketball Association[11]Yes
.necNEC[11]Yes
.netflixNetflix[11]Yes
.neustarNeustar[132]NoYes
.newhollandCNH Industrial (New Holland Agriculture, New Holland Construction)[11]
.nflNational Football League[11]Yes
.nhkNHK[133]UnknownYes
.nicoDwango (Niconico)[134]UnknownYes
.nikeNike[11]Yes
.nikonNikon[11]Yes
.nissanNissan[11]Yes
.nissayNippon Life[11]Yes
.nokiaNokia[11]Yes
.northwesternmutualNorthwestern Mutual[11]
.nortonNortonLifeLock[11]Yes
.nraNational Rifle Association of America[135]UnknownYes
.nttNippon Telegraph & Telephone[11]Yes
.obiOBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA[11]Yes
.officeMicrosoft (Office)[11]Yes
.omegaSwatch Group (Omega)[11]Yes
.oracleOracle[11]Yes
.orangeOrange[11]Yes
.originsOrigins (The Estée Lauder Companies Inc.)Yes
.otsukaOtsuka Pharmaceutical[136]UnknownYes
.ovhOVH[137]French[12]Yes
.panasonicPanasonic[11]Yes
.pccwPCCW[11]Yes
.pfizerPfizer[11]Yes
.philipsPhilips[11]Yes
.piagetPiaget[138]Unknown
.pictetPictet[11]Yes
.pingPing[11]Yes
.pioneerPioneer Corporation[11]Yes
.playGoogle (Google Play)[11]Yes
.playstationSony (PlayStation)[11]Yes
.pohlDeutsche Vermögensberatung
(founder Reinfried Pohl)		[139]UnknownYes
.politiePolitie Nederland[11]Yes
.praxiPraxi[140]UnknownYes
.prodGoogle (products)[141]UnknownYes
.progressiveProgressive Corporation[11]Yes
.pruPrudential Financial[11]Yes
.prudentialPrudential Financial[11]Yes
.pwcPwC[142]UnknownYes
.questQuest Software[11]Yes
.qvcQVC[11]
.redstoneRedstone Haute Couture Co[11]Yes
.relianceReliance Industries[11]Yes
.rexrothRobert Bosch GmbH[11]Yes
.ricohRicoh[11]Yes
.ril Reliance Industries [11] Yes
.rmitRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology[11]
.rocherFerrero (Ferrero Rocher)[11]
.rogersRogers Communications[11]Yes
.rweRWE[11]Yes
.safetySafety Registry Services, LLC.[11]Yes
.sakuraSakura Internet [ja][11]Yes
.samsungSamsung SDS[11]Yes
.sandvikSandvik[11]Yes
.sandvikcoromantSandvik Coromant[143]UnknownYes
.sanofiSanofi[11]Yes
.sapSAP[144]Yes
.saxoSaxo Bank[11]Yes
.sbiState Bank of India[11]Yes
.sbsSpecial Broadcasting Service[11]Later became a gTLD on 15 June 2021Yes
.scaSvenska Cellulosa[145]Unknown
.scbSiam Commercial BankThai[12]Yes
.schaefflerSchaeffler Technologies[11]Yes
.schmidtSchmidt Groupe [fr][146]UnknownYes
.schwarzSchwarz Gruppe[11]Yes
.scjohnsonS. C. Johnson & Son[11]
.scorSCOR[11]
.seatSEAT[11]Yes
.senerSener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A.[11]Yes
.sesSES[11]
.sewSEW Eurodrive[11]Yes
.sevenSeven West Media[11]Yes
.sfrSFR[11]Yes
.seekSeek[147]NoYes
.shangrilaShangri-La Hotels and Resorts[11]Yes
.sharpSharp Corporation[11]Yes
.shawShaw Cablesystems G.P.[11]Yes
.shellShell[11]Yes
.shriramShriram Capital[11]
.sinaSina Corp[11]Yes
.skySky Group[11]Yes
.skypeMicrosoft (Skype)[11]Yes
.smartSmart Communications[11]Yes
.sncfSNCF[11]Yes
.softbankSoftBank[11]Yes
.sohuSohu[148]UnknownYes
.sonySony[11]Yes
.spiegelDer Spiegel[149]Unknown
.stadaStada Arzneimittel[11]Yes
.staplesStaples[11]Yes
.starDisney Star[11]Yes
.starhubStarHub[11]
.statebankState Bank of India[11]Yes
.statefarmState Farm[11]Yes
.statoilStatoil[11]
.stcSaudi Telecom Company[11]Yes
.stcgroupSaudi Telecom Company[11]Yes
.suzukiSuzuki[150]UnknownYes
.swatchSwatch Group[11]Yes
.swiftcoverSwiftcover[11]
.symantecGen Digital[11]
.taobaoAlibaba Group (Taobao)[11]Yes
.targetTarget[11]Yes
.tatamotorsTata Motors[11]Yes
.tdkTDK[11]Yes
.telecityTelecityGroup[11]
.telefonicaTelefónica[11]
.temasekTemasek Holdings[11]Yes
.tevaTeva Pharmaceuticals[11]Yes
.tiffanyTiffany & Co.[11]
.tjxTJX Companies[11]Yes
.torayToray Industries[11]Yes
.toshibaToshiba[11]Yes
.totalTotal[11]Yes
.toyotaToyota[11]Yes
.travelersTravelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies)[11]Yes
.travelersinsuranceTravelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies)[11]Yes
.tuiTUI[151]UnknownYes
.tvsT V Sundram Iyengar & Sons Private Limited[11]Yes
.ubsUBS[11]Yes
.unicomChina Unicom[11]Yes
.uolUniverso OnlineDelegated to UOL subsidiary UBN Internet.[152]UnknownYes
.upsUnited Parcel Service[11]Yes
.vanguardVanguard Group[11]Yes
.verisignVeriSign[11]Yes
.vigVienna Insurance Group[11]Yes
.vikingViking River Cruises[11]Yes
.virginVirgin Group[11]Yes
.visaVisa[11]Yes
.vistaVistaprint[11]
.vistaprintVistaprint[11]
.vivoTelefônica Brasil[11]Yes
.volkswagenVolkswagen Group of America[11]
.volvoVolvo[11]Yes
.walmartWalmart[11]Yes
.walterSandvik[11]Yes
.weatherchannelIBM (The Weather Company)[11]Yes
.weberSaint-Gobain[11]Yes
.weirWeir Group[11]Yes
.williamhillWilliam Hill[153]UnknownYes
.windowsMicrosoft (Windows)[11]Yes
.wmeEndeavor[154]UnknownYes
.wolterskluwerWolters Kluwer[11]Yes
.woodsideWoodside Energy[11]Yes
.wtcWorld Trade Centers Association[155]UnknownYes
.xboxMicrosoft (Xbox)[11]Yes
.xeroxFuji Xerox[11]Yes
.xfinityComcast[11]
.yahooYahoo![11]Yes
.yamaxunAmazon (Amazon China)[11]Yes
.yandexYandex[156]UnknownYes
.yodobashiYodobashi Camera[11]Yes
.youtubeGoogle (YouTube)[157]UnknownYes
.zapposAmazon (Zappos)[11]Yes
.zaraInditex (Zara)[11]Yes
.zippoZippo[11]

Internationalized brand top-level domains

edit
DNS nameIDN TLDEntityScriptTransliterationCommentsDNSSEC
xn--jlq480n2rg .亚马逊 Amazon Chinese (Simplified) Yàmǎxùn [158] Yes
xn--cckwcxetd .アマゾン Amazon Katakana amazon [159] Yes
xn--mgba3a3ejt.ارامكوAramco Services CompanyArabic[11]
xn--mgbaakc7dvf.اتصالاتEmirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat)Arabic[11]
xn--8y0a063a.联通China United Network Communications Corporation LimitedChinese (Simplified)Liántōng[11]
xn--6frz82g.移动China Mobile Communications CorporationChinese (Simplified)Yídòng
xn--fiq64b.中信CITIC GroupChinesezhōngxìn[160]Yes
xn--5su34j936bgsg.香格里拉Shangri‐La International Hotel Management LimitedChineseXiānggélǐlā[11]
xn--b4w605ferd.淡马锡Temasek Holdings (Private) LimitedChinese (Simplified)Dànmǎxī[11]
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a.大众汽车Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd.Chinese (Simplified)Dàzhòngqìchē[11]
xn--vermgensberater-ctb.vermögensberaterDeutsche Vermögensberatung AktiengesellschaftLatin[161]Yes
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb.vermögensberatungDeutsche Vermögensberatung AktiengesellschaftLatin[162]Yes
xn--qcka1pmc.グーグルGoogleKatakanagūguru[163]Yes
xn--flw351e.谷歌GoogleChinesegǔgē[164]Yes
xn--estv75g.工行Industrial and Commercial Bank of China LimitedChineseGōngháng[11]
xn--w4rs40l.嘉里Kerry Trading Co. LimitedChineseJiālǐ[11]
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra.嘉里大酒店Kerry Trading Co. LimitedChineseJiālǐdàjiǔdiàn[11]
xn--kcrx77d1x4a.飞利浦Koninklijke Philips N.V.Chinese (Simplified)Fēilìpǔ[11]
xn--jlq61u9w7b.诺基亚Nokia CorporationChinese (Simplified)Nuòjīyà[11][165]
xn--fzys8d69uvgm.電訊盈科PCCW Enterprises LimitedChinese (Traditional)din6 soen3 jing4 fo1[11]
xn--cg4bki.삼성SamsungHangulsamseong[166]Yes

Special-use domains

edit

ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names.[167]

Name Entity Notes IDN
.exampleNot installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example.
(example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.)		 Unknown
.internalNot installed as a domain name, but usable in private and internal networks.Unknown
.invalidNot installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work.Unknown
.localLocal network. Must be used with multicast DNS (mDNS).[168]Unknown
.onionConnection to the Tor network.Unknown
.testMeant for testing DNS software.Unknown

Non-IANA domains

edit

Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Microsoft Windows

edit

Within Microsoft Windows there are some special purpose domain names that partially conflict with publicly assigned ones.

Name Still used Conflicting IANA domain registration Purpose
.ipv6-literal.net YES Registered by an independent 3rd party (as of writing). Microsoft gave up the domain in January 2014.[169] In addition Microsoft also never requested it to become an ICANN/IANA owned special-use domain name. A special-use domain primarily for representing IPv6 addresses in UNC paths as ":" is a reserved character in Windows. Usage is not restricted to UNC paths. Compared to ip6.arpa reverse lookup domains it will return an IPv6 address but without generating any DNS queries.

Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs

edit

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.

Name RFC Notes
.home.arpa RFC 8375[170] A special-use domain for non-unique use in residential home networks.
.internal RFC 6762 Appendix G[171] ICANN has registered this top-level domain for private use.[172]
.intranet The IETF does not recommend use of unregistered top-level domains at all, but should network operators decide to do this, the following top-level domains have been used on private internal networks without the problems caused by trying to reuse ".local" for this purpose.
.private
.corp Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision.[173]
.home
.lan Many routers automatically append ".lan" to local device hostnames, including those that use OpenWrt.

Blockchain-registered

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Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.[174] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

Name Blockchain Notes
.agt Polygon The .agt (agent) TLD is a decentralized top-level domain operating within the Web3 ecosystem, primarily positioned as an identifier for AI agents and autonomous systems.[175] The TLD is offered by Web3 domain providers, such as Freename, an ICANN-accredited registrar[176] that bridges traditional DNS with blockchain technology. .agt domains can be minted as NFTs across multiple blockchains (Polygon, Solana, BNBChain, BASE, Aurora, Sei, Abstract, Chiliz, and Etherlink), eliminating traditional renewal fees and providing registrants lifetime ownership. Popular .agt domains function as human-readable aliases for AI agents, agentic and tool-calling functions, cryptocurrency wallets, decentralized digital identities, AI agent ID, and addresses for hosting decentralized websites.
N/A Handshake Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.[177]
.ethEthereum Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,[178] though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made.
.cryptoEthereum .crypto aims to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the TLD is the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domain as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.[179]
.bitNamecoin Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.[180]
.anon .btn .conf .index .merch .mirror .mob .screen .srv .ygg Alfis .anon and .ygg are bound to have IP-addresses from Yggdrasil Network only.[181]

Alternate roots

edit

In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, as the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

Name Root Notes
N/A Handshake The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here.
.bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirateOpenNIC
.furFurNIC
.lib .coin .emc .bazarEmercoin
.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rmNew Nations
.b32.i2p .i2p.alt .i2p I2P GANA (GNUnet Assigned Numbers Authority) registered Domains for the I2P Network.[182]

See also

edit

Explanatory notes

edit
  1. 1 2 3 A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Operating as Binky Moon, LLC, a shell company subsidiary of Identity Digital
  3. 1 2 Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See .
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Operating as Dog Beach, LLC, a shell company subsidiary of Identity Digital

Citations

edit
  1. 1 2 3 "IANA — Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  2. ↑ "IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format". Iana.org. Retrieved 28 January 2026.
  3. ↑ "Root Zone file". Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  4. ↑ "IANA root zone database". Iana.org. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  5. ↑ "Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  6. ↑ National Research Council, Committee on Internet Navigation and the Domain Name System: Technical Alternatives and Policy Implications; National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (7 August 2005). Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09640-9.
  7. ↑ J. Postel; J. Reynolds (October 1984). Domain requirements. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0920. RFC 920. Status Unknown.
  8. 1 2 J. Postel (March 1994). Domain Name System Structure and Delegation. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1591. RFC 1591. Informational.
  9. ↑ "New TLDs this week: .London, .Global and more". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  10. ↑ "关于拟注销北京千橡网景科技发展有限公司".ren"顶级域域名注册管理机构许可的公示" (in Chinese). 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 "IANA Root Zone Database". Iana.org. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  13. ↑ §5, Policy for the Registration of .reise Domain Names Archived 20 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, dotreise GmbH. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  14. ↑ "'Immo' as abbreviation for 'immobiliën'". Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  15. ↑ ".VOTO Registration Policy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "Registrant FAQs". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  17. ↑ General Eligibility Requirements and Principles for the new .LAW and .ABOGADO top-level domains Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  18. ↑ "Why choose .LTDA?". .LTDA advantages. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  19. ↑ "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 "Delegated Strings". Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  21. ↑ "Chinese government buys 20,000 new IDN domain names". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  22. ↑ ".政府 - ICANNWiki". icannwiki. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  23. ↑ "Google Registry – Google". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  24. ↑ "Report on the Delegation of the .বাংলা ("bangla") domain representing Bangladesh in Bengali script to the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Division". www.iana.org. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  25. ↑ "Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In". www.registry.in. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  26. ↑ ".africa Domain Frequently Asked Questions". .africa - Registry Africa. 16 May 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  27. ↑ "dotCapeTown - .CapeTown - The new domain extension for the City of Cape Town". Nic.capetown. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  28. ↑ "dotDurban - .Durban - The new domain extension for the City of Durban". Nic.durban. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  29. ↑ "dotJoburg - .Joburg - The new domain extension for the City of Johannesburg". Nic.joburg. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  30. ↑ IANA - .krd Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  31. ↑ .krd Network Information Centre, accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  32. ↑ "About .kyoto". The Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  33. ↑ "「.nagoya」名古屋のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  34. ↑ IANA - .okinawa Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 August 2022.
  35. ↑ IANA - .ryukyu Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  36. ↑ ".taipei Net Top City". Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  37. ↑ "「.tokyo」東京のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  38. ↑ "「.yokohama」横浜のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  39. ↑ "Internetextensie .brussels komt eraan" [The .brussels domain extension is coming soon]. BRUZZ (in Flemish). 9 March 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ↑ "Official website of .GENT". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  41. ↑ ".vlaanderen is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.vlaanderen. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  42. ↑ "Book your extension .alsace".
  43. ↑ ".BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne". .BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne.
  44. 1 2 ".eus Domeinua - .eus - Euskara eta Euskal Kultura Interneten". Nic.eus. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  45. ↑ ".paris Registration Policy" (PDF). cdn.paris.fr. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  46. ↑ "Startseite - .bayern - Das Web wird weiß-blau". nic.bayern.
  47. ↑ (in German) berlin Top-Level-Domain Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Nic.berlin. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  48. ↑ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  49. ↑ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.koeln. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  50. ↑ IANA - .nrw Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  51. ↑ ".ruhr". Dot.ruhr. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  52. ↑ "dotSaarland GmbH". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  53. ↑ (in Catalan) Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat Archived 7 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  54. ↑ "Dominio .gal". Dominio.gal. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  55. ↑ IANA - .madrid Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  56. ↑ EURid.
  57. ↑ amsterdam Top-Level-Domain.
  58. 1 2 ".cymru .wales Our Home Online". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  59. ↑ (in Dutch) frl Top-Level-Domain. Nic.frl. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  60. ↑ "The New London Code". Nic.london. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  61. ↑ "About TLDs .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА - dotMoscow: .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА TLDs for Russian Capital". Nic.moscow. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  62. ↑ "Register .scot domains - Calico .scot domains - dotscot is the new Scottish top level domain". Calico.scot. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  63. ↑ "Zonemaster växer.stockholm". Zonemaster. The Swedish Internet Foundation.
  64. ↑ "Zuteilung und Verwaltung der Domain-Namen der zweiten Ebene, die der Internet-Domain ".swiss" untergeordnet sind" (in German). BAKOM. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  65. ↑ "Mission". Tatar Internet. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  66. ↑ "Tirol Domain" (in German). Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  67. ↑ ".wien: punktwien". Nic.wien. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  68. ↑ ".zuerich Registry Operator Website". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  69. ↑ "Register domain in .su zone". Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  70. ↑ IANA - .miami Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  71. ↑ ".NYC Domain Name Extension - Official Website". .NYC - The Official Website for the Ultimate New York City Address. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  72. ↑ ".QUEBEC". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  73. ↑ "Dot Vegas, Inc". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  74. ↑ "Why .kiwi?". Hello.kiwi. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  75. ↑ AusRegistry. "nic.melbourne - Home page". nic.melbourne. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  76. ↑ IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  77. ↑ ".LAT Domain - About us". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  78. ↑ ".LAT Domain - FAQs". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  79. ↑ "IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  80. ↑ xn--1qqw23a.htmlIANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  81. ↑ "О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development".
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 https://www.stellantis.com/en/investors/fca-groupe-psa-merger
  83. ↑ ".abc Domain Registration - .abc Domains - American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc - Register American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc". 101domain.com. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  84. ↑ IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  85. ↑ IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  86. ↑ "Legal - .Apple TLD Policies - Apple". Apple Legal. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  87. ↑ IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  88. ↑ "dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  89. 1 2 "Barclays begins using .Barclays and .Barclaycard top level domains". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  90. ↑ "FIBA launches .basketball as new digital identity of the global basketball community" (Press release). FIBA. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  91. ↑ IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  92. ↑ "Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  93. ↑ IANA — .bnl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 June 2015.
  94. ↑ "nic.bnpparibas". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  95. ↑ "IANA — .bradesco Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  96. ↑ IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  97. ↑ IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  98. ↑ IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  99. ↑ IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  100. ↑ "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  101. ↑ IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  102. ↑ IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  103. ↑ IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  104. ↑ IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  105. ↑ IANA — .edeka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
  106. ↑ IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  107. ↑ IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  108. ↑ IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  109. ↑ IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  110. ↑ "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  111. ↑ IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  112. ↑ IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  113. ↑ ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  114. ↑ IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  115. ↑ IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  116. ↑ IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  117. ↑ IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
  118. ↑ IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  119. ↑ ".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  120. ↑ IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  121. ↑ IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  122. ↑ IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  123. ↑ IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  124. 1 2 This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
  125. ↑ IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  126. ↑ "IANA — .leclerc Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  127. ↑ "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  128. ↑ "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  129. ↑ ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  130. ↑ "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  131. ↑ IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  132. ↑ "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  133. ↑ IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  134. ↑ ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  135. ↑ IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  136. ↑ IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  137. ↑ "The New OVH Code". Nic.ovh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  138. ↑ "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  139. ↑ IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  140. ↑ IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  141. ↑ IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  142. ↑ NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  143. ↑ "Site:.SANDVIKCOROMANT - Google Search". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  144. ↑ ".sap - ICANNWiki". icannwiki.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  145. ↑ ".sca". Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  146. ↑ IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  147. ↑ IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
  148. ↑ IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  149. ↑ IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  150. ↑ IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  151. ↑ IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  152. ↑ IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  153. ↑ IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  154. ↑ IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  155. ↑ IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  156. ↑ "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  157. ↑ IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  158. ↑ ".亚马逊 Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  159. ↑ ".アマゾン Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  160. ↑ "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  161. ↑ IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  162. ↑ IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  163. ↑ IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  164. ↑ IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  165. ↑ "DNSViz — 诺基亚 Retired 2022-12-06". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  166. ↑ "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  167. ↑ "Special-use domain names". Iana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  168. ↑ Multicast DNS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6762. RFC 6762.
  169. ↑ "ipv6-literal.net Domain History". who.is. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  170. ↑ Pfister, Pierre; Lemon, Ted (May 2018). "RFC: 8375 Special-Use Domain 'home.arpa.'". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  171. ↑ Cheshire, Stuart; Krochmal, Marc (February 2013). "RFC: 6762 Multicast DNS Appendix G. Private DNS Namespaces". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  172. ↑ "Approved Resolutions | Special Meeting of the ICANN Board | 29 July 2024". ICANN. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  173. ↑ "ICANN Name Collision". ICANN Wiki. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  174. ↑ Werbach, Kevin (11 December 2018). The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34978-9.
  175. ↑ domains, agt. ".agt - The AI Agent TLD". .agt domains. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
  176. ↑ "List of Accredited Registrars". ICANN.org. 1 August 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
  177. ↑ "A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  178. ↑ "The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names". Vice.com. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  179. ↑ Francisco, Kieren McCarthy in San. "Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  180. ↑ Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  181. ↑ Revertron (4 June 2026), Revertron/Alfis, retrieved 4 June 2026
  182. ↑ "Naming and Address Book | Docs | EN". i2p.net. Retrieved 4 June 2026.
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