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Peter Fireman (4 April 1863 – 27 April 1962) was a Russian American chemist, patentist, industrialist, and economist.
Biography
editFireman was born in Lipovetz, Russian Empire (nowadays Ukraine). Educated in Odesa, he emigrated to the United States in 1882 and found the utopian community of "New Odessa". After the community broke up, Fireman travelled to Zurich to study chemistry and got his Ph.D. at the University of Bern in 1893. There, he met his wife, Ernestine Weitz, and became friends with the social-democratic economist Conrad Schmidt. Fireman later returned to America, where he became president of the American Chemical Society of the Washington section and a wealthy manufacturer in the paint business for his patents on a process for making magnetic oxides of iron. He remarried Frances Marie Metzger in 1929.[1][2][3][4]
Career
editLike many Russian economists, Fireman was strongly influenced by Ricardian economics. His most well-known economic work is his attempted solution to the problem of the formation of an average rate of profit without violating the labour theory of value (or "law of value"), challenged by Friedrich Engels in his preface to Das Kapital, Volume II (see also: Transformation problem). According to Fireman, "aggregate prices remain equal to aggregate values" of the commodities, which are disturbed by competition.[1][5] Therefore:
"[C]ommodities are sold above their value in all branches of industry where the relation between the capital invested in means of production and the capital invested in wages (or as Marx put it, the relation between constant and variable capital ) is greatest; which means that commodities are sold below their values in those branches of industry where the relation between constant capital and variable capital is smallest, and that commodities are exchanged at their true value only where the relation represents a definite average level."[5][6]
Engels praised Fireman in his preface to Das Kapital, Volume III, for being very close to Karl Marx's own solution, though not in sufficient detail.[6]
Fireman also published several books and articles on topics such as psychology or philosophy.[1][7][8]
Selected works
edit- Kritik der Marx'schen Werttheorie (1892)
- Christianity, a Tale and Moral (1931)
- Sound Thinking (1947)
- Perceptualistic Theory of Knowledge (1954)
- Justice in Plato's Republic (1957)
References
edit- 1 2 3 Alcouffe, Alain (2010). "Peter Fireman, winner of F. Engels' "Prize Essay Competition"". The 14th Annual Conference of the European Society for the History of Tought. Amsterdam, Netherlands: University of Amsterdam.
- ↑ Levy, Jerry (2007-02-25). "[OPE-L] questions about Peter Fireman". users.wfu.edu. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
- ↑ "DR. PETER FIREMAN". The New York Times. 1962-04-29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
- ↑ "The Press: Fireman's Freeman". TIME. 1931-05-11.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - 1 2 Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. (1989), "Engels and the 'Prize Essay Competition' in the Theory of Value", A History of Marxian Economics: Volume I: 1883–1929, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 33–34, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20112-9_2, ISBN 978-1-349-20112-9
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - 1 2 Friedrick Engels' preface to Capital Volume Three (1894).
- ↑ Baylis, Charles A. (1960). "Peter Fireman. Perceptualistic theory of knowledge. Philosophical Library, New York 1954, xiv + 50 pp". The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 25 (1): 76–76. doi:10.2307/2964353. ISSN 0022-4812.
- ↑ Wells, William D. (1955). "Perceptualistic Theory of Knowledge by Peter Fireman". International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 5 (4): 438–438. doi:10.1080/00207284.1955.11508628. ISSN 0020-7284.