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Voiced alveolar affricate

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A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types of median affricates with significant perceptual differences:

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate
dz
ʣ
IPA number104 133
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʣ
Unicode (hex)U+02A3
X-SAMPAdz

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate

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A voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡z⟩ or ⟨d͜z⟩. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨dz⟩. There is also a ligature ⟨ʣ⟩, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used.

Features

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Features of a voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
  • There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Dentalized laminal alveolar

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LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArmenianEastern[2]ձուկ/dzuk[d̻͡z̪uk]ⓘ'fish'
Belarusian[3]пэндзаль/pendzal[ˈpɛn̪d̻͡z̪alʲ]'paintbrush'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian скръндза [skrɤndzа] 'skinflint', 'miser' See Bulgarian phonology
Czech[4]Afgánec byl[ˈävɡäːnɛd̻͡z̪ bɪɫ̪]'an Afghan was'Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology
Hungarian[5]bodza[ˈbod̻͡z̪ːɒ]'elderberry'See Hungarian phonology
Japanese 雀/suzume [s̪ɯd̻͡z̪ɯme̞] 'sparrow' See Japanese phonology
Kashubian[6]dze[d͡ze]'where'
Latvian[7]drudzis[ˈd̪rud̻͡z̪is̪]'fever'See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[8]ѕвезда/dzvezda[ˈd̻͡z̪ve̞z̪d̪ä]'star'See Macedonian phonology
Montenegrin[9]dzindzula[ˈd̻͡z̪inˈd̻͡z̪ulä]'jujube'See Montenegrin phonology
Pashtoځوان[d͡zwɑn]'youth' 'young'See Pashto phonology
Polish[10]dzwon[d̻͡z̪vɔn̪]ⓘ'bell'See Polish phonology
Russian[11]плацдарм/placdarm[pɫ̪ɐd̻͡z̪ˈd̪är̠m]'bridgehead'Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[12]otac bi[ǒ̞t̪äd̻͡z̪ bi]'father would'Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[12] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak medzi [med͡zi] 'between' See Slovak phonology
Slovene[13]brivec brije[ˈbɾíːʋə̀d̻͡z̪ bɾíjɛ̀]'barber shaves'Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
Tyapzat[d͡zad]'buffalo'
Ukrainian[14]дзвін dzvin[d̻͡z̪ʋin̪]'bell'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[15][example needed]Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[15]

Non-retracted alveolar

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LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArabicNajdi[16]قـليب/dzilīb[d͡zəliːb]'well'Corresponds to /q/, /ɡ/, or /dʒ/ in other dialects.
EnglishBroad Cockney[17]day[ˈd͡zæˑɪ̯]'day'Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /d/.[18][19] See English phonology
Received Pronunciation[19][ˈd͡zeˑɪ̯]
New York[20]Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /d/.[20] See English phonology
Scouse[21]Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /d/.[21] See English phonology
FrenchQuebecdu[d͡zy]'of the'Allophone of /d/ before /i, y, j/.
Georgian[22]ძვალი/dzvali[d͡zvɑli]'bone'
HebrewSome speakersמצוה/mitzvah[mid͡zˈvä]'commandment'Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonant. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Luxembourgish[23]spadséieren[ʃpɑˈd͡zɜ̝ɪ̯əʀən]'to go for a walk'Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words.[23] See Luxembourgish phonology
Marathi जोर/dzor [d͡zor] 'force' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by ज, which also represents [d͡ʒ]. The aspirated sound is represented by झ, which also represents [d͡ʒʱ]. There is no marked difference for either one.
Ollari jōnel [d͡zoːnel] 'maize'
Nepali आज/ādza [äd͡zʌ] 'today' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /ज/. The aspirated sound is represented by /झ/. See Nepali phonology
Naiki jūrol [d͡zuːɾol] 'cricket'
PortugueseEuropean[24]desafio[d͡zɐˈfi.u]'challenge'Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ ɨ ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[25]
Brazilian[24][25]aprendizado[apɾẽ̞ˈd͡zadu]'learning'
Many speakersmezzosoprano[me̞d͡zo̞so̞ˈpɾɐ̃nu]'mezzo-soprano'Marginal sound. Some might instead use spelling pronunciations.[26] See Portuguese phonology
RomanianMoldavian dialects[27]zic[d͡zɨk]'say'Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Telugu ౙత/dzata [d͡zɐt̪ɐ] 'pair, set'
TeochewSwatow日本/jitpun[d͡zit̚˨˩.pʊn˥˧]'Japan'
Toda üɀ [yd͡z] 'five'

Retracted alveolar

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LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Catalan[28]dotze[ˈd̪o(d)d̺͡z̺ə]'twelve'Apical. See Catalan phonology
OccitanGasconmessatge[məˈs̠ːa̠d̠͡z̠ə]'message'Laminal in other dialects. Varies with [dʒ] in some words.
Languedocien
Piedmontesearvëdse[ɑrˈvəd̠͡z̠e]'goodbye'
SardinianCentral dialectspranzu[ˈpränd̠͡z̠u]'lunch'

Variable

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LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Greek[29]τζάκι[ˈd͡zɐc̠i]'fireplace'Varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment. Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence.[29] See Modern Greek phonology
Italian[30]zero[ˈd͡zɛːro]'zero'The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[30] See Italian phonology
Montenegrindzavala[ˈd̻͡z̪avalä]'haystack'Varies between dentalized laminal and sibilant affricate. See Montenegrin phonology
West Frisian[31]skodzje[ˈs̠kɔd͡zjə]'shake'Laminal; varies between retracted and non-retracted.[31] Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence. The example word also illustrates [s̠]. See West Frisian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate

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Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate
dɹ̝

Features

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Occurrence

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LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
DutchOrsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32][example needed]A possible realization of word-final, non-pre-pausal /r/.[32]
EnglishGeneral American[33]dream[d͡ɹ̝ʷɪi̯m]'dream'Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/; more commonly postalveolar [d̠͡ɹ̠˔].[33] See English phonology
Received Pronunciation[33]
ItalianSicily[34]Adriatico[äd͡ɹ̝iˈäːt̪iko]'the Adriatic Sea'Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence /dr/, and can be realized as the sequence [dɹ̝] instead.[35] See Italian phonology

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. ↑ Kozintseva (1995:6)
  3. ↑ Padluzhny (1989:48–49)
  4. ↑ Palková (1994:234–235)
  5. ↑ Szende (1999:104)
  6. ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  7. ↑ Nau (1998:6)
  8. ↑ Lunt (1952:1)
  9. ↑ "Pravopis crnogorskoga jezika".
  10. ↑ Rocławski (1976:162)
  11. ↑ Chew (2003:67 and 103)
  12. 1 2 Landau et al. (1999:67)
  13. ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
  14. ↑ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  15. 1 2 Šewc-Schuster (1984:22, 38))
  16. ↑ Lewis jr. (2013), p. 5.
  17. ↑ Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
  18. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 323.
  19. 1 2 Cruttenden (2014), p. 172.
  20. 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 515.
  21. 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 372.
  22. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  23. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
  24. 1 2 (in Portuguese) Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS – Alice Telles de Paula Page 14
  25. 1 2 "Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte – Camila Tavares Leite" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2014-12-13.
  26. ↑ "Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro – Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 2014-12-13.
  27. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  28. ↑ Hualde (1992:370)
  29. 1 2 Arvaniti (2007), pp. 12, 20, 23–24.
  30. 1 2 Canepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
  31. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  32. 1 2 Peters (2010), p. 240.
  33. 1 2 3 Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  34. ↑ Canepari (1992), p. 64.
  35. ↑ Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.

References

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