Wikipedia

Ethnic origins of people in Canada

(Redirected from White Canadians)

According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians.[2] The major panethnic groups chosen were: European (52.5 percent), North American (22.9 percent), Asian (19.3 percent), North American Indigenous (6.1 percent), African (3.8 percent), Latin, Central and South American (2.5 percent), Caribbean (2.1 percent), Oceanian (0.3 percent), and other (6 percent).[3] Over 60 percent of Canadians reported a single origin, and 36 percent reported having multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100 percent.[2]

The top 168 ethnic or cultural origins self-reported by Canadians in the 2021 census[1]

The country's ten largest self-reported ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[a] (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), Indian (3.7 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).[6]

Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021, approximately 25.4 million reported being "White", representing 69.8 percent of the population.[2] The Indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million people, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.[7] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,[8][b] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent), Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent), Filipinos (960,000 2.6 percent), Arabs (690,000; 1.9 percent), Latin Americans (580,000; 1.6 percent), Southeast Asians (390,000; 1.1 percent), West Asians (360,000; 1.0 percent), Koreans (220,000; 0.6 percent) and Japanese (99,000; 0.3 percent).[2]

Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.[10] In 1961, about 300,000 people, less than two percent of Canada's population, were members of visible minority groups.[11] The 2021 census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population, reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada—above the 1921 census previous record of 22.3 percent.[12] In 2021, India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.[13]

Statistics Canada report on race and ethnicity in Canada in 2022

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The 2020 General Social Survey revealed that 92% of adult Canadians said that "[ethnic] diversity is a Canadian value".[14] Over 25% of Canadians were "racialized".[15] By 2041, it is estimated that racialized Canadians will comprise 40% of the population.[15] In 2021, 23% of the Canadian population were immigrants—the "largest proportion since Confederation", according to Statistics Canada.[14][16] Prior to the early 1970s, most new Canadians came from Europe. Since then, more immigrants have come from Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.[14] In 2021, most immigrants came from Asia, which includes the Middle East.[14]

Data collection method

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Listed below are the ethnic groups of Canadian residents (citizens, landed immigrants and non-citizen temporary residents) as self-identified in the 2016 census in which approximately 35,151,000 census forms were completed). The relevant census question asked for "the ethnic or cultural origins" of the respondent's ancestors and not the respondents themselves. As data were collected by self-declaration, ethnic groups may not necessarily correspond to the true ancestry of respondents.[17] Many respondents acknowledged multiple ancestries. These people were added to the "multiple origin" total for each origin listed. These include responses as varied as a respondent who listed eight different origins and a respondent who answered "French Canadian" (leading to them being counted once for "French" and once for "Canadian"). As with all self-reported data, understanding of the question may have varied from respondent to respondent.

Larger ethnic origins (200,000 or more individuals per group; 2021 census)

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Ethnicity[18][19] Total
responses[18]		 As single
response[18]		 One of multiple
responses[18]
Canada Canadian[a]5,677,2054,186,8351,490,370
United Kingdom England English5,322,8251,350,0504,188,780
Republic of Ireland Irish4,413,120593,8603,819,255
United Kingdom Scotland Scottish4,392,200559,5753,832,630
France French3,985,9451,515,0502,470,895
Germany German2,955,695508,1802,447,520
China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan Chinese1,713,8701,372,215341,655
Italy Italian1,546,390671,510874,880
First Nations[c]1,426,950645,105781,845
India Indian1,347,715976,355371,365
Ukraine Ukrainian1,258,635273,210985,425
Netherlands Dutch988,585278,830709,760
Poland Polish982,815238,710744,110
United Kingdom British Isles,
not otherwise specified		938,950417,170521,780
Philippines Filipino925,490741,980183,505
Quebec French Canadian906,315589,855316,460
Métis600,00091,255508,740
Russia Russian548,145116,605431,540
Norway Norwegian466,49541,280425,215
United Kingdom Wales Welsh455,72535,685420,040
Portugal Portuguese448,305238,635209,670
United States American353,49549,680303,820
Spain Spanish342,04570,030272,010
Sweden Swedish334,50523,710310,795
Hungary Hungarian (Magyar)320,15575,870244,285
Acadians Acadian305,170125,565179,600
Pakistan Pakistani303,260217,65085,615
African Union African,
not otherwise specified		301,955177,565124,395
Israel Israeli282,015113,140168,870
Punjabi279,950164,690115,260
Vietnam Vietnamese275,530193,58581,945
Arab League Arab,
not otherwise specified		263,710171,40092,310
Greece Greek262,135134,820127,315
Jamaica Jamaican249,070123,595125,480
South Korea Korean217,650191,65525,995
Romania Romanian215,88590,755125,130
Lebanon Lebanese210,605118,18592,420
Iran Iranian200,465157,47542,985

Smaller ethnic origins (2021 census)

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Evolution from 1871 to 1921

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During the fifty-year period beginning from the first census of independent Canada in 1871 until the census of 1921, the national ethnic composition was multicultural, however in the early period was dominated by four origin groups from western and northern Europe: French, English, Irish, and Scottish.[20]: 512  Following the French and British Isles origin groups, Continental European communities were the largest in Canada, and grew fairly rapidly between the 1901 census and the 1921 census.[20]: 512  Nominally small East Asian, South Asian, West Asian, and West African descended communities also existed during this time period.[20]: 512 

The ethnic French population, comprising a plurality of the total population from confederation until just prior to the 1921 census, overwhelmingly relied on natural increase for growth, with progeny stemming from early settlers who arrived throughout the 17th and 18th centuries; migration from France had been severely curtailed by the British Empire and early governments of independent Canada. Population growth amongst the French population occurred at relatively high pace, increasing from 1,082,940 persons in 1871 to 2,452,743 persons in 1921.[20]: 512  Despite an increase of nearly 1.5 million persons during this fifty-year period, the French proportion of the total Canadian population dropped slightly, from 31.1 percent, to 27.1 percent.[20]: 512 

By contrast, large population increases amongst the three main ethnic groups from the British Isles (English, Irish, and Scottish) occurred through natural increase but relied heavily on high immigration rates that began in the early-mid 19th century dubbed the Great Migration of Canada − this continued through the early 20th century, spurred by record immigration rates during the 1900s and 1910s, when English immigrants formed a majority or plurality of all immigrants to Canada on an annual and decadal basis.

The English population, in particular, grew at a rapid pace, increasing from 705,369 persons in 1871 to 2,545,358 persons in 1921, representing an increase of nearly 2 million persons during the fifty-year period.[20]: 512  During the same time period, the English proportion of the total Canadian population rose from 20.3 percent to 29.0 percent.[20]: 512  The English community experienced massive growth principally during the first two decades of the 20th century as a result of record immigration at the time; during the era, persons of English descent also became the single largest ethnic group in Canada, comprising a plurality of the Canadian population by the 1921 census.[20]: 512 

The Irish population, meanwhile, witnessed steady, slowing population growth during the late 19th and early 20th century, with the proportion of the total Canadian population dropping from 24.3 percent in 1871 to 12.6 percent in 1921 and falling from the second-largest ethnic group in Canada from to fourth − principally due to massive immigration flows from England to Canada at the time − despite the population increasing from 846,414 persons to 1,107,803 persons in the fifty-year timeframe.[20]: 512  The largest Irish population increases occurred prior to confederation, spurred by mass immigration during the mid-19th century at the height of the Great Migration of Canada, and was primarily due to The Great Famine and related poor economic conditions in Ireland at the time.

At the turn of the 20th century, overall immigrant proportions from the British Isles to Canada gradually dropped from a majority to a plurality. At the time, the federal government began supplementing increased mass immigration from the British Isles (mainly England) by also permitting large migration flows from continental Europe, especially Germany, Scandinavia, and the Soviet Union. This was primarily as a result of federal policy aimed at settling the Prairies through ethnic block settlements and ultimately led to the highest annual immigration rates in Canadian history since confederation in 1867 that remain unsurpassed in the contemporary era, including 1913 (new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population), 1912 (5.1 percent), 1911 (4.6 percent), 1907 (4.3 percent) and 1910 (4.1 percent).[21][22]

Largely due to increased immigration levels outside of the British Isles, the continental European population grew rapidly during the first two decades of the 20th century − comprising 1,246,151 persons or 14.2 percent as proportion of the total Canadian population by the 1921 census, representing a numerical increase of over 1 million persons from fifty years earlier in 1871, when the continental European population stood at approximately 236,043 persons or 6.8 percent of the total Canadian population.[20]: 512 

Broadening the multicultural makeup of Canada, the diversity across the Prairie provinces during the early 20th century was soon dubbed a cultural mosaic by journalist Victoria Hayward in the early 1920s:

"New Canadians, representing many places and widely separated sections of Old Europe, have contributed to the Prairie Provinces a variety in the way of Church Architecture. Cupolas and domes distinctly Eastern, almost Turkish, startle one above the tops of Manitoba maples or the bush of the river banks. These architectural figures of the landscape, apart altogether of their religious significance, are centers where, crossing the threshold on Sundays, one has the opportunity of hearing Swedish music, or the rich, deep chanting of the Russian responses; and of viewing at close hand the artistry that goes to make up the interior appointments of these churches transplanted from the East to the West… It is indeed a mosaic of vast dimensions and great breadth, essayed of the Prairie."[23]

Ethnic Origins of Canadians (1871−1921)
Ethnic
Origin		 1871
[24]: 332 [20]: 512 		 1881
[20]: 512 		 1901
[20]: 512 [25]: 370 [26]: 354 		 1911
[20]: 512 [25]: 370 [26]: 354 		 1921
[20]: 512 [26]: 356 
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
French 1,082,940 31.07% 1,298,929 30.03% 1,649,371 30.71% 2,061,719 28.61% 2,452,743 27.91%
Irish 846,414 24.28% 957,403 22.14% 988,721 18.41% 1,074,738 14.91% 1,107,803 12.61%
English 706,369 20.26% 881,301 20.38% 1,260,899 23.47% 1,871,268 25.97% 2,545,358 28.96%
Scottish 549,946 15.78% 699,863 16.18% 800,154 14.9% 1,027,015 14.25% 1,173,625 13.35%
German 202,991 5.82% 254,319 5.88% 310,601 5.78% 403,417 5.6% 294,635 3.35%
Dutch 29,662 0.85% 30,412 0.7% 33,845 0.63% 55,961 0.78% 117,505 1.34%
Indigenous 23,037 0.66% 108,547 2.51% 127,941 2.38% 105,611 1.47% 114,083 1.3%
African 21,496 0.62% 21,394 0.49% 17,437 0.32% 16,994 0.24% 18,291 0.21%
Other
British		 7,773 0.22% 9,947 0.23% 13,421 0.25% 26,060 0.36% 41,932 0.48%
Swiss 2,962 0.08% N/a N/a 3,866 0.07% 6,626 0.09% 12,837 0.15%
Scandinavian 1,623 0.05% 5,223 0.12% 31,042 0.58% 112,682 1.56% 167,369 1.9%
Italian 1,035 0.03% 1,849 0.04% 10,834 0.2% 45,963 0.64% 66,769 0.76%
Spanish−
Portuguese		 829 0.02% N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 2,695 0.03%
Russian 607 0.02% 1,227 0.03% 19,825 0.37% 44,376 0.62% 100,064 1.14%
Jewish 125 0.004% 667 0.02% 16,131 0.3% 76,199 1.06% 126,196 1.44%
Greek 39 0.001% N/a N/a 291 0.01% 3,614 0.05% 5,740 0.07%
Indian 11 0.0003% N/a N/a 100 0.002% 2,342 0.03% 1,018 0.01%
Chinese N/a N/a 4,383 0.1% 17,312 0.32% 27,831 0.39% 39,587 0.45%
Austrian N/a N/a N/a N/a 10,947 0.2% 44,036 0.61% 107,671 1.23%
Polish N/a N/a N/a N/a 6,285 0.12% 33,652 0.47% 53,403 0.61%
Ukrainian N/a N/a N/a N/a 5,682 0.11% 75,432 1.05% 108,721 1.24%
Japanese N/a N/a N/a N/a 4,738 0.09% 9,067 0.13% 15,868 0.18%
Belgian N/a N/a N/a N/a 2,994 0.06% 9,664 0.13% 20,234 0.23%
Finnish N/a N/a N/a N/a 2,502 0.05% 15,500 0.22% 21,494 0.24%
Syrian−
Lebanese−
Turkish−
Armenian		 N/a N/a N/a N/a 1,681 0.03% 3,880 0.05% 9,260 0.11%
Hungarian N/a N/a N/a N/a 1,549 0.03% 11,648 0.16% 13,181 0.15%
Bulgarian−
Romanian		 N/a N/a N/a N/a 334 0.01% 5,883 0.08% 15,235 0.17%
Czech−
Slovak		 N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 8,840 0.1%
Yugoslav N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 3,906 0.04%
Lithuanian N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 1,970 0.02%
Other 7,902 0.23% N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a
Canada 3,485,761 100% 4,324,810 100% 5,371,315 100% 7,206,643 100% 8,787,949 100%
Note: The figures for 1871 cover the four original provinces of Canada (Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) only.

Evolution from 1996 to 2016

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As regards total responses, Canadian is the most common ethnic origin (11,113,965) in the 2016 Census (see above). This was also the case in the 2011 NHS (10,563,805),[27] 2006 Census (10,066,290),[28] 2001 Census (11,682,680),[29] and the 1996 Census (8,806,975).[30] Canadian was also the most common single ethnic origin in the 1996 (5,326,995), 2001 (6,748,135), 2006 (5,748,725), 2011 (5,834,535), and 2016 (6,436,940).

Ethnic Origin (Single Responses), 1996–2016
1996[30] 2001[29] 2006[28] 2011[27] 2016[31]
# Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop.
1 Canadian 5,326,995 1 Canadian 6,748,135 1 Canadian 5,748,725 1 Canadian 5,834,535 1 Canadian 6,436,940
2 French 2,665,250 2 English 1,479,525 2 English 1,367,125 2 English 1,312,570 2 Chinese 1,439,980
3 English 2,048,275 3 French 1,060,760 3 French 1,230,535 3 Chinese 1,210,945 3 English 1,098,925
4 Chinese 800,470 4 Chinese 936,210 4 Chinese 1,135,365 4 French 1,165,465 4 Indian 1,096,850
5 Italian 729,455 5 Italian 726,275 5 Indian 780,175 5 Indian 919,155 5 French 1,006,180
6 German 726,145 6 German 705,600 6 Italian 741,045 6 Italian 700,845 6 Italian 695,415
7 Scottish 642,970 7 Scottish 607,235 7 German 670,640 7 German 608,520 7 Filipino 651,390
8 Irish 504,030 8 Indian 581,665 8 Scottish 568,515 8 Scottish 544,440 8 German 569,650
9 Indian 438,770 9 Irish 496,865 9 First Nations 512,150 9 First Nations 517,550 9 First Nations 526,570
10 First Nations 394,555 10 First Nations 455,805 10 Irish 491,030 10 Filipino 506,545 10 Scottish 475,575
11 Ukrainian 331,680 11 Ukrainian 326,195 11 Filipino 321,390 11 Irish 506,445 11 Irish 457,905
12 Dutch 313,880 12 Dutch 316,220 12 Dutch 303,400 12 Dutch 297,885 12 Dutch 289,675
13 Polish 265,930 13 Filipino 266,140 13 Ukrainian 300,590 13 Ukrainian 276,055 13 Ukrainian 273,810
14 Portuguese 252,640 14 Polish 260,415 14 Polish 269,375 14 Polish 255,135 14 Portuguese 264,815
15 Filipino 198,420 15 Portuguese 252,835 15 Portuguese 262,230 15 Portuguese 250,320 15 Polish 264,415
16 Jewish 195,810 16 Jewish 186,475 16 Greek 145,250 16 Vietnamese 157,450 16 Korean 177,925
17 Greek 144,940 17 Greek 143,785 17 Korean 137,790 17 Korean 154,355 17 Iranian 170,755
18 Jamaican 128,570 18 Jamaican 138,180 18 Vietnamese 136,445 18 Jamaican 142,870 18 Vietnamese 165,390
19 Vietnamese 110,390 19 Vietnamese 119,120 19 Jamaican 134,320 19 Greek 141,755 19 Jamaican 161,495
20 Hungarian 94,185 20 Korean 95,200 20 Jewish 134,045 20 Iranian 131,100 20 Pakistani 156,300
Ethnic Origin (Single and Multiple Responses), 1996–2016
1996[30] 2001[29] 2006[28] 2011[27] 2016[31]
# Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop. # Ethnic Origin Pop.
1 Canadian 8,806,275 1 Canadian 11,682,680 1 Canadian 10,066,290 1 Canadian 10,563,805 1 Canadian 11,135,965
2 English 6,832,095 2 English 5,978,875 2 English 6,570,015 2 English 6,509,500 2 English 6,320,085
3 French 5,597,845 3 French 4,668,410 3 French 4,941,210 3 French 5,065,690 3 Scottish 4,799,005
4 Scottish 4,260,840 4 Scottish 4,157,210 4 Scottish 4,719,850 4 Scottish 4,714,970 4 French 4,670,595
5 Irish 3,767,610 5 Irish 3,822,660 5 Irish 4,354,155 5 Irish 4,544,870 5 Irish 4,627,000
6 German 2,757,140 6 German 2,742,765 6 German 3,179,425 6 German 3,203,330 6 German 3,322,405
7 Italian 1,207,475 7 Italian 1,270,370 7 Italian 1,445,335 7 Italian 1,488,425 7 Chinese 1,769,195
8 Ukrainian 1,026,475 8 Chinese 1,094,700 8 Chinese 1,346,510 8 Chinese 1,487,580 8 Italian 1,587,970
9 Chinese 921,585 9 Ukrainian 1,071,060 9 North American Indian 1,253,615 9 First Nations 1,369,115 9 First Nations 1,525,570
10 Dutch 916,215 10 North American Indian 1,000,890 10 Ukrainian 1,209,085 10 Ukrainian 1,251,170 10 Indian 1,374,715
11 North American Indian 867,225 11 Dutch 923,310 11 Dutch 1,035,965 11 Indian 1,165,145 11 Ukrainian 1,359,655
12 Polish 786,735 12 Polish 817,085 12 Polish 984,565 12 Dutch 1,067,245 12 Dutch 1,111,655
13 Indian 548,080 13 Indian 713,330 13 Indian 962,665 13 Polish 1,010,705 13 Polish 1,106,585
14 Jewish 351,705 14 Norwegian 363,760 14 Russian 500,600 14 Filipino 662,600 14 Filipino 837,135
15 Norwegian 346,310 15 Portuguese 357,690 15 Welsh 440,965 15 British Isles, n.i.e. 576,030 15 British Isles, n.i.e. 644,695
16 Welsh 338,905 16 Welsh 350,365 16 Filipino 436,190 16 Russian 550,520 16 Russian 622,445
17 Portuguese 335,110 17 Jewish 348,605 17 Norwegian 432,515 17 Welsh 458,705 17 Métis 599,995
18 Swedish 278,975 18 Russian 337,960 18 Portuguese 410,850 18 Norwegian 452,705 18 Portuguese 482,605
19 Russian 272,335 19 Filipino 327,550 19 Métis 409,065 19 Métis 447,655 19 Welsh 474,805
20 Hungarian 250,525 20 Métis 307,845 20 British Isles, n.i.e. 403,915 20 Portuguese 429,850 20 Norwegian 463,275

Visible minority

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Aboriginal population

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Total aboriginal population
Group 1996[48] 2001[49] 2006[50] 2011[51] 2016[52]
% Total % Total % Total % Total % Total
Total Aboriginal 2.8% 799,005 3.3% 976,305 3.8% 1,172,785 4.3% 1,400,685 4.9% 1,673,780
First Nations 1.8% 529,040 2.1% 608,850 2.2% 698,025 2.6% 851,560 2.8% 977,230
Métis 0.7% 204,115 1.0% 292,305 1.2% 389,780 1.4% 451,795 1.7% 587,545
Inuit 0.14% 40,220 0.16% 50,485 0.2% 59,445 0.2% 65,025

Note: Inuit, other Aboriginal and mixed Aboriginal groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Aboriginal

See also

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Notes

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  1. 1 2 All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[4] "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage."[5]
  2. ↑ Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".[9]
  3. ↑ The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins were from a Canadian First Nation, or another non-Canadian North American aboriginal group (excluding Inuit and Métis).
    Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples". Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2011.

References

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  1. ↑ "Canadian tops the more than 450 ethnic or cultural origins reported by the population of Canada". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups.
  3. ↑ "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022.
  4. ↑ Simon, Patrick; Piché, Victor (2013). Accounting for Ethnic and Racial Diversity: The Challenge of Enumeration. Routledge. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-1-3179-8108-4.
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Total – Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households – 25% sample data". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023.
  7. ↑ "Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022.
  8. ↑ "Visible Minority". The Canadian Encyclopedia. October 27, 2022. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Classification of visible minority". Statistics Canada. July 25, 2008. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011.
  10. ↑ "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017.
  11. ↑ Pendakur, Krishna. "Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market". Simon Fraser University. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  12. ↑ "The Daily — Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022.
  13. ↑ "2021 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration". Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. March 15, 2022.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians". The Daily. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  15. 1 2 "Candidate Diversity and Racialized and Indigenous Political Engagement in Canada". Elections Canada. 2026-05-01. Retrieved 2026-06-07.
  16. ↑ Adams, Michael; Parkin, Andrew (December 31, 2022). "Canadians aren't just adapting to diversity – there's data to show we're embracing it". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
  17. ↑ Source: "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2011-01-16. Additional data: "2006 Census release topics". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Government of Canada, Statistics Canada". statcan.gc.ca. 28 October 2022.
  19. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Seventh census of Canada, 1931 . v. 13. Monographs - unemployment, dependency of youth, rural and urban composition of the Canadian population, racial origins and nativity of the Canadian people". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  21. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 May 2018). "150 years of immigration in Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  22. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013). "Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871: Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present". Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  23. ↑ Day, Richard J.F. (2000). Multiculturalism and the History of Canadian Diversity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 149-150.
  24. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Census of Canada 1870-71 = Recensement du Canada 1870-71 v. 1". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  25. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Fifth census of Canada 1911 . v. 2. Religions, origins, birthplace, citizenship, literacy and infirmities, by provinces, districts and sub-districts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  26. 1 2 3 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Sixth census of Canada, 1921 . v. 1. Population: number, sex and distribution, racial origins, religions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  27. 1 2 3 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-05-08). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
  28. 1 2 3 Government of Canada (2008-04-02). "Statistics Canada: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
  29. 1 2 3 "English title / Titre en anglais". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
  30. 1 2 3 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (1998-02-17). "1996 Census of Canada: Data tables – Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
  31. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-10-25). "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
  32. ↑ "File Not Found". Statistics Canada.
  33. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  34. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  35. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  36. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  37. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  38. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  39. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  40. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  41. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  42. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  43. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  44. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  45. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  46. 1 2 Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
  47. 1 2 Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (15 January 2001). "Census Program". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ↑ Statistics Canada, Population by Aboriginal Groups and Sex, Showing Age Groups, for Canada, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)
  49. ↑ Statistics Canada Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Community Highlights for Canada
  50. ↑ Statistics Canada Archived 2009-04-20 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Community Profiles: Canada (Country)
  51. ↑ Statistics Canada, NHS Profile, Canada, 2011
  52. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017). "Aboriginal Identity (9), Age (20), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca.

Further reading

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