Voiced epiglottal affricate

Voiced epiglottal affricate
Voiced epiglottal affricate
ʡʢ
ʡ̬ʢ
IPA number	173 174
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A voiced epiglottal affricate ([ʡ͜ʢ] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as an epiglottal stop [ʡ] (specifically, a voiced epiglottal stop [ʡ̬]) and released as a voiced epiglottal fricative [ʢ]. It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.

Features

Features of a voiced epiglottal affricate:

Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is epiglottal, which means it is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Haida	Hydaburg dialect^[1]	^{[example needed]}			May be a stop [ʡ] or voiceless affricate [ʡ͜ʜ] instead.^[1]^{[dubious – discuss]}
Somali		cad	[ʡ͜ʢaʔ͜t]	'white'	Only pronounced [ʡ͜ʢ] when 'c' occurs initially, otherwise realized as [ʡ]^[2]

1 2 Mithun (2001), p. 18.
↑ Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Harris, Jimmy G. Supraglottal cavity shape, linguistic register, and other phonetic features of Somali (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2020.

Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052129875X.