Wikipedia

Sino-Dutch conflicts

(Redirected from Sino–Dutch conflicts)

The Sino-Dutch conflicts were a series of conflicts between the Ming dynasty (and later its rump successor the Southern Ming dynasty and the Ming loyalist Kingdom of Tungning) of China and the Dutch East India Company over trade and land throughout the 1620s, 1630s, and 1662. The Dutch were attempting to compel China to accede to their trade demands, but the Chinese defeated the Dutch forces.

Sino-Dutch conflicts

A Dutch illustration of the surrender of Zeelandia on Formosa to China in 1662
Date1620s–1670s
Location
Fujian, Amoy, Penghu, Liaoluo Bay, Kinmen, Tainan, Taiwan
Result Ming victory
Belligerents
Ming dynasty
Ming loyalists		 Dutch East India Company
Chinese pirates
Commanders and leaders
Shang Zhouzuo (Shang Chou-tso)
Nan Juyi (Nan Chü-i)
General Wang Mengxiong
Zheng Zhilong
Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)
Zheng Jing		 Cornelis Reijersen
Christian Francs (POW)
Marten Sonck
Hans Putmans
Frederick Coyett
Liu Xiang
Li Guozhu

Sino-Dutch conflicts

edit

1620s

edit

The Dutch East India Company used their military power in the attempt to force China to open up a port in Fujian to their trade. They demanded that China expel the Portuguese from Macau. (The Dutch were fighting in the Dutch–Portuguese War at the time.) The Dutch raided Chinese shipping after 1618 and took junks hostage to coerce China into meeting their demands. All these actions were unsuccessful.[1][2][3]

The Dutch were defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622. That same year, the Dutch seized Penghu (the Pescadores Islands), built a fort there, and continued to demand that China open up ports in Fujian to Dutch trade. China refused, with the Chinese governor of Fujian (Fukien) Shang Zhouzuo (Shang Chou-tso) demanding that the Dutch withdraw from the Pescadores to Formosa (Taiwan), where the Chinese would permit them to engage in trade. This led to a war between the Dutch and China between 1622 and 1624 which ended with the Chinese being successful in making the Dutch withdraw to Taiwan and abandoning the Pescadores.[4][5]

The Dutch threatened that China would face Dutch raids on Chinese ports and shipping unless the Chinese allowed trading on Penghu and that China not trade with Manila but only with the Dutch in Batavia and Siam and Cambodia. However, the Dutch found out that unlike smaller Asian kingdoms, China could not be bullied or intimidated by them. After Shang ordered them to withdraw to Taiwan on September 19 of 1622, the Dutch raided Amoy on October and November.[6] The Dutch intended to "induce the Chinese to trade by force or from fear" by raiding Fujian and Chinese shipping from the Pescadores.[7] Long artillery batteries were erected at Amoy in March 1622 by Colonel Li Gonghua as a defence against the Dutch.[8]

On the Dutch attempt in 1623 to force China to open up a port, five Dutch ships were sent to Liu-ao and the mission ended in failure for the Dutch, with a number of Dutch sailors taken prisoner and one of their ships lost. In response to the Dutch using captured Chinese for forced labor and strengthening their garrison in Penghu with five more ships in addition to the six already there, the new governor of Fujian, Nan Juyi (Nan Chü-yi), was permitted by China to begin preparations to attack the Dutch forces in July 1623. A Dutch raid was defeated by the Chinese at Amoy in October 1623, with the Chinese taking the Dutch commander Christian Francs prisoner and burning one of the four Dutch ships. Yu Zigao began an offensive in February 1624 with warships and troops against the Dutch in Penghu with the intent of expelling them.[9]

The Chinese offensive reached the Dutch fort on July 30, 1624, with 5,000 Chinese troops (or 10,000) and 40-50 warships under Yu and General Wang Mengxiong surrounding the fort commanded by Marten Sonck, and the Dutch were forced to sue for peace on August 3, withdrawing from Penghu to Taiwan. The Dutch admitted that their attempt at military force to coerce China into trading with them had failed with their defeat in Penghu. At the Chinese victory celebrations over the "red-haired barbarians" as the Dutch were called by the Chinese, Nan Juyi paraded twelve Dutch soldiers who were captured before the Emperor in Beijing.[10][11][12][13] The Dutch were astonished that their violence did not intimidate the Chinese and at the subsequent Chinese attack on their fort in Penghu since they had thought them timid and from their experience in Southeast Asia had regarded them as a "faint-hearted troupe".[14]

1630s

edit

After the Dutch defeat and expulsion from the Pescadores in the 1622–1624, they were completely driven off from China's coast. The pirates Liu Xiang and Li Guozhu also joined the Dutch, and for a time it seemed the Dutch would triumph as the head of a new pirate coalition that operated off the coast of China, with at least 41 pirate junks and 450 Chinese soldiers.[15] However they were decisively defeated by Chinese forces under Admiral Zheng Zhilong at the Battle of Liaoluo Bay in 1633.[16][17][18][19] The Chinese used fireships disguised as warships to fool the Dutch into thinking they were going into pitched battle.[20]

Dutch East India Company attacked Zheng Zhilong's junks which were trading pepper with Jambi, but while the Dutch transferred 32 Chinese prisoners into the Dutch ship, the remaining Chinese managed to slaughter the 13 Dutch sailors on board the Chinese junk and retake the vessel. Zheng Zhilong demanded the Dutch then release the 32 Chinese in 1636.[21] Dutch East India Company blockaded Thai trade in 1664 and in 1661-1662 seized a Thai junk owned by a Persian official in Thailand. The Dutch tried to impede Thai and Chinese competition with the Dutch in the pepper trade at Jambi.[22] The Jambi Sultan temporarily jailed English merchants during violence between the Dutch and English.[23][24][25] The Thai and Jambi Sultanate angrily complained against the Dutch over Dutch attacks and attempts to impede Jambi's trade with Chinese and Thai.[26][27] Chinese junks regularly traded with Jambi, Patani, Siam, and Cambodia.[28] Local Muslim women who dealt in the cloth trade willingly married Han Chinese men in Palembang, Banten, and Jambi who often converted to Islam. The same traders dealt with the Dutch more carefully, especially in Palembang where they aimed to avoid association with the local Dutch who were infamous for maltreatment of indigenous women.[29]

1660s and 1670s

edit

In 1662 the Dutch were defeated and driven off Taiwan at the Siege of Fort Zeelandia by Chinese forces under Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga). The Dutch looted relics and killed monks after attacking a Buddhist complex at Putuoshan on the Zhoushan islands in 1665 during their war against Zheng Chenggong's son Zheng Jing.[30]

Koxinga's son Zheng Jing sent a Chinese commander called Piauwja by the Dutch (Xian Biao 先彪 or Biaoye 彪爷 in Chinese) with hundreds of troops to Cambodia in February 1667 to the court of Cambodian King Paramaraja VIII. Piauwja received the title of Shahbandar of the Chinese community of Cambodia from the King. Piauwja massacred 1,000 Vietnamese men, women and children in Cambodia on behalf of the Cambodian king, who wanted to break free of Vietnamese influence. Piauwja also demanded that the Dutch pay him compensation for confiscating his ships in a naval blockade. Pieter Ketting, the Dutch East India Company's representative in Cambodia only offered to pay 1,000 taels to Piauwja when an advisor to the Cambodian King said he should pay 2,000 taels. Piauwja in response then demanded Ketting pay 6,000 taels, as compensation for a debt that another Chinese merchant working for the Dutch in Batavia owed him. Ketting refused and tried to bribe Cambodian officials to help him, but Piauwja forced Ketting to pay 4,837 taels by seizing Dutch hostages. The Schelvis, another Dutch ship arrived at Cambodian capital's shoreline on the river's mouth, but the river banks low water level rendered the range of the Dutch cannons on the ship useless. The Cambodians forbade fighting between Koxinga's forces and the Dutch on Cambodian waters, so Piaujwa instead attacked the Dutch East India company outpost on land on July 9-10, fatally wounding a Dutch surgeon and killing Ketting immediately along with 3 servants. Jacob van Wijckersloot only survived by escaping to the jungle and hiding for days before reaching the Schelvis and documenting what happened. On 28 October, 1667, the Cambodian King sent a letter to the Dutch in Batavia apologising for the incident, and falsely claiming he executed Piauwja, and arrested three Dutch company employees who he said helped Piauwja against their fellow Dutch. He sent the three arrested Dutch back to Batavia, but Piauwja was in fact alive and was still working for Koxinga in the 1670s, raiding the Qing in Guangdong.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] Piauwja had also looted all the silk and silver on the Dutch ship Schelvisch before leaving.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] His name was also written as Pioja by the Dutch.[57] Another account said Piauwja came with 3,000 Chinese troops at Oudong.[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]

Zheng Jing's navy executed thirty four Dutch sailors and drowned eight Dutch sailors after ambushing, looting, and sinking the Dutch fluyt ship Cuylenburg in 1672 on northeastern Taiwan. Only twenty one Dutch sailors escaped to Japan. The ship was going from Nagasaki to Batavia on a trade mission.[66]

See also

edit

References

edit

Citations

edit
  1. ↑ Cooper (1979), p. 658.
  2. ↑ Freeman (2003), p. 132.
  3. ↑ Thomson (1996), p. 39.
  4. ↑ Covell 1998, p. 70.
  5. ↑ Wright 1908, p. 817.
  6. ↑ ed. Twitchett & Mote 1998, p. 368.
  7. ↑ Shepherd 1993, p. 49.
  8. ↑ Hughes 1872. p. 25.
  9. ↑ ed. Goodrich 1976, p. 1086.
  10. ↑ ed. Goodrich 1976, p. 1087.
  11. ↑ ed. Twitchett & Mote 1998, p. 369.
  12. ↑ Deng 1999, p. 191.
  13. ↑ Parker 1917, p. 92.
  14. ↑ ed. Idema 1981, p. 93.
  15. ↑ Andrade 2004, p. 438.
  16. ↑ Blussé, Leonard (1 January 1989). "Pioneers or cattle for the slaughterhouse? A rejoinder to A.R.T. Kemasang". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 145 (2): 357. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003260. S2CID 57527820.
  17. ↑ Wills (2010), p. 71.
  18. ↑ Cook 2007, p. 362.
  19. ↑ Li (李) 2006, p. 122.
  20. ↑ Andrade, Tonio (2011). Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory Over the West (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0691144559.
  21. ↑ Cheng, Weichung (2013). War, Trade and Piracy in the China Seas (1622-1683). TANAP Monographs on the History of Asian-European Interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 125. ISBN 978-90-04-25353-7. The traders around the South China Sea, no matter who they were—the Siamese king, the Portuguese in Malacca and Macau, or the Fukienese merchants—all dealt in ... Consequently, as it left Jambi, Iquan's junk was seized by a Dutch ship.
  22. ↑ Kathirithamby-Wells, J. (1990). Kathirithamby-Wells, J.; Villiers, John (eds.). The Southeast Asian Port and Polity– Rise and Demise. Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. p. 137. ISBN 9971-69-141-8. The Siamese grievance in 1661-62 was the V.O.C.'s seizure of a Siamese crown junk fitted out by one of the king's Persian ... The Siamese crown maintained that it had no intention of entering into competition with the Dutch in the Jambi ...
  23. ↑ Calendar of state papers– 1625/29. H.M. Stationery Office. 1884. p. 150. ... and the ship's boat; captured a Chinese junk, which was retaken by a Dutch freemen to Siam, killing two English and the junk sent to Batavia . The King of Jambi exasperated against our people, imprisoned our merchants and seized ...
  24. ↑ Great Britain. Public Record Office (1884). Calendar of State Papers– Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Record Office. Colonial series, volume 6. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 150. Letter received from factory at Jambi to Geo . ... taking muskets, swords, provisions, and the ship's boat; captured a Chinese junk, which was retaken by a Dutch freemen to Siam, killing two English and the junk sent to Batavia .
  25. ↑ Calendar of state papers: Colonial series. ... p. 62.
  26. ↑ Roelofsen, C.G. (1989). "Chapter 4 The Freedom of the Seas: an Asian Inspiration for Mare Liberum?". In Watkin, Thomas G. (ed.). LEGAL RECORD & HISTORICAL REALITY– Proceedings of the Eighth British Legal History Conference. A&C Black. p. 64. ISBN 1-85285-028-0. The Dutch retaliated by the means they had used before, arresting Asian shipping, in the main Chinese junks, ... but I will maintain an open market'.68 Energetic protests by Jambi and Siam against Dutch arrests of shipping should also ...
  27. ↑ Roelofsen, C.G. (1989). "The sources of Mare Liberum; the contested origins of the doctrine of the freedom of the seas". In Heere, Wybo P.; Bos, Maarten (eds.). International Law and Its Sources– Liber Amicorum Maarten Bos. Brill Archive. p. 115. ISBN 90-6544-392-4. The Dutch retaliated by the means they had used before, arresting Asian shipping, in the main Chinese junks, and unloading ... but I will maintain an open market : 7 ° Energetic protests by Jambi and Siam against Dutch arrests 67.
  28. ↑ Prakash, Om, ed. (2020). European Commercial Expansion in Early Modern Asia. An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 to 1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-93871-6. ... Leur' estimate China sent out four junks to Batavia, four to Cambodia, three to Siam, one to Patani, one to Jambi, ... However, the Dutch established some control over the Chinese trade only after the destruction of Macassar in 1667 ...
  29. ↑ Ma, Debin (2017). Textiles in the Pacific, 1500–1900. The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900 (reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-351-89561-3. The Chinese, on the other hand, "bought wives" when they arrived, and, as one observer noted in Banten, these women "served them until they returned to China." In Jambi and Palembang most Chinese adopted Islam and married local women, ...
  30. ↑ Hang, Xing (2016). Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1316453841.
  31. ↑ Clulow, Adam; Hang, Xing (2020). "2 Between the Company and Koxinga: Territorial Waters, Trade, and War over Deerskins". In Benton, Lauren; Nathan, Perl-Rosenthal (eds.). A World at Sea: Maritime Practices and Global History (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 43-45. ISBN 0812297342.
  32. ↑ https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812297348-014/pdf?licenseType=restricted&srsltid=AfmBOor86mE1IqxL7pNoHQy258TOYfi42tUdntVbb5DxYZsrGRT-BaYN
  33. ↑ https://dokumen.pub/a-world-at-sea-maritime-practices-and-global-history-9780812297348-g-8004067.html
  34. ↑ Clulow, Adam; Hang, Xing (2019). "The Deerskin War in Southeast Asia". Maritime Asia : War and Trade.
  35. ↑ Clulow, Adam; Hang, Xing (2019). "Piauwja (Xian Biao)". Maritime Asia : War and Trade.
  36. ↑ Clulow, Adam; Hang, Xing (2019). "King Paramaraja VIII". Maritime Asia : War and Trade.
  37. ↑ Clulow, Adam; Hang, Xing (2019). "Key Actors". Maritime Asia : War and Trade.
  38. ↑ Clulow, Adam; Hang, Xing (2019). "Timeline". Maritime Asia : War and Trade.
  39. ↑ https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/411669600
  40. ↑ "Index Analytique du Tome XXXVII" (PDF). Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient. 37 (2): 715–59. 1937.
  41. ↑ "Index analytique du tome XXXVII [tables et index]". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. XXXVII. l'École française d'Extrême-Orient: 746. 1937.
  42. ↑ Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient. 77. l'École française d'Extrême-Orient: 234–235. 1991 https://books.google.com/books?id=DX1hAAAAMAAJ&q=Piauwja&dq=Piauwja&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiglfzN_PaTAxWh9bsIHRwkD_4Q6AF6BAgJEAM. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ↑ Werken uitgegeven door de Linschoten-Vereeniging, Volume 13. Vol. 13. Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. 1909. p. lxvii, 448, 460.
  44. ↑ Phoeun, Mak (1995). Histoire du Cambodge: de la fin du XVIe siècle au début du XVIIIe. Vol. 176. Presses de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 324, 327, 475. ISBN 2855397766. ISSN 1269-8326.
  45. ↑ Tōkyō Daigaku. Shiryō Hensanjo (1963). Historical Documents Relating to Japan in Foreign Countries: An Inventory of Microfilm Acquisitions in the Library of the Historiographical Institute (Shiryō Hensan-jo), the University of Tokyo, Volume 1. Vol. 1. Tōkyō: Tokyo Daigaku 東京大學. 史料編纂所. p. 102.
  46. ↑ Nihon Gakushiin (1963). Historical Documents Relating to Japan in Foreign Countries: An Inventory of Microfilm Acquisitions in the Library of the Historiographical Institute (Shiryō Hesan-jo), University of Tokyo, Volume 1. Vol. 1. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku, Tōkyō Daigaku. Shiryō Hensanjo. p. 102.
  47. ↑ Mikaelian, Grégory (2009). La royauté d'Oudong: réformes des institutions et crise du pouvoir dans le royaume khmer du XVIIe siècle. Paris: Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne. ISBN 2840505975.
  48. ↑ Hang, Xing (2017). "7 The seventeenth-century Guangdong pirates and their transnational impact". In Swope, Kenneth M.; Andrade, Tonio (eds.). Early Modern East Asia: War, Commerce, and Cultural Exchange (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 1315282798.
  49. ↑ https://vdoc.pub/documents/early-modern-east-asia-war-commerce-and-cultural-exchange-4d1u7ks5fkq0
  50. ↑ Hang, Xing (2016). "5 The Zheng state on Taiwan". Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720. Cambridge University Press. p. 173-174. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316401224.007. ISBN 9781316453841.
  51. ↑ https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/conflict-and-commerce-in-maritime-east-asia/zheng-state-on-taiwan/87D9F1B684EAAF9DF7734E27637A6AED
  52. ↑ https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/87D9F1B684EAAF9DF7734E27637A6AED/9781316401224c5_p146-175_CBO.pdf/zheng_state_on_taiwan.pdf
  53. ↑ https://www.studocu.com/en-ca/document/kwantlen-polytechnic-university/the-chinese-overseas-a-global-history-of-chinese-migration/wk-2-the-seventeenth-century-guangdong-pirates-and-their-transnational-impact/67018301
  54. ↑ https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/conflict-and-commerce-in-maritime-east-asia/contingent-destruction/4416F8FE8737CEFEC7092A27C2EAFA07
  55. ↑ https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6ED224F9600D6B3719561BCE63AF2A62/9781316401224ind_p326-332_CBO.pdf/index.pdf
  56. ↑ https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/conflict-and-commerce-in-maritime-east-asia/index/6ED224F9600D6B3719561BCE63AF2A62
  57. ↑ Hang, Xing (2024). "1 - The Port before "The Port"". The Port : Hà Tiên and the Mo Clan in Early Modern Asia (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 26-65. doi:10.1017/9781009427005.003. ISBN 9781009426985.
  58. ↑ Zottoli, Brian (2011). Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History From The 15th To The 18th Centuries (Dissertation PhD thesis). University of Michigan. p. 282.
  59. ↑ https://www.academia.edu/81359977/Reconceptualizing_Southern_Vietnamese_History_from_the_15th_to_the_18th_Centuries_Competition_along_the_Coasts_from_Guangdong_to_Cambodia
  60. ↑ Muller, Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas (1917). De Oost-Indische Compagnie in Cambodja en Laos; verzameling van bescheiden van 1636 tot 1670. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage. p. 448.
  61. ↑ Muller, Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas, ed. (1917). De Oost-Indische compagnie in Cambodja en Laos: verzameling van bescheiden van 1636 tot 1670. Vol. 13 of Werken, Linschoten–Vereeniging. The Hague: M. Nijhoff. p. lxvii, 447, 448. ISSN 0168-7107.
  62. ↑ 遠藤, 正之 (November 2017). カンボジアにおけるマレー人の活動―16 世紀～19 世紀を中心に― (PDF) (博士学位論文 thesis). 文学研究科史学専攻. p. 110.
  63. ↑ https://edepot.wur.nl/242428
  64. ↑ Chính, Thắng (3 May 2023). "Hành tung của thủ lĩnh hải tặc Piauwja từ Vịnh Bắc Bộ đến Cambodia".
  65. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/brian.wu.121772/posts/d%E1%BB%8Bch-ch%C6%A1i-v%E1%BB%81-l%E1%BB%8Bch-s%E1%BB%AD-ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di-hoa-li%C3%AAn-quan-%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn-s%E1%BB%AD-mi%E1%BB%81n-namthe_17th_century_guangdo/2301355096782106/
  66. ↑ Hang, Xing (2016). Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-1316453841.

Bibliography

edit

Further reading

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Dutch_conflicts&oldid=1350260626"