Voiceless dental and alveolar trills

Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
r̝̊
r̻̊
IPA number	122 402A 429
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r_0_r

Voiceless dental trill
Voiceless dental trill
r̪̊
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r_d_0
Image

Voiceless alveolar trill
Voiceless alveolar trill
r̥
IPA number	122 402A
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r_0
Image

Voiceless dental and alveolar trills are a type of consonantal sound. They differ from their cognate /r/ only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.

Proto-Indo-European *sr developed into a sound written as ⟨ῥ⟩, with the letter for /r/ and the diacritic for /h/, in Ancient Greek. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of /r/ in standard Attic Greek that has disappeared in Modern Greek.

*Proto-Indo-European *srew- > Ancient Greek ῥέω "flow", possibly [r̥é.ɔː]

Features

Features of a voiceless alveolar trill:

Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
Its place of articulation is dental, alveolar or post-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.^[1]
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dental

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Mongolian	Khalkha^[2]	самбар / sambar	[sɑmbɐr̪̊]	'blackboard'	Syllable-final allophone of [r̪] before voiceless consonants and in word-final position.^[2]

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dharumbal^[3]		barhi	[ˈbar̥i]	'stone'	Contrasts with /r/.
Dutch		ver	[vɛr̥]	'far'	Possible word-final allophone of /r/.
Estonian^[4]		kasv	[ˈkɑsv̥]	'growth'	Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t, s, h/.^[4] For example, kasar [ˈkɑsɑr̥] ‘(dial.) ridge’, where /r/ is voiceless. See Estonian phonology
Icelandic		hrafn	[ˈr̥apn̥]	'raven'	Contrasts with /r/. For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap. Also illustrates [n̥]. See Icelandic phonology
Kildin Sámi		yҏҏт	[ˈur̥ːt]	'east'	Contrasts with /r/, /rʲ/, and /r̥ʲ/.
Konda^[5]		puRi	[pur̥i]	'ant hill'	Contrasts /ɾ r r̥ ɽ/.^[6]
Lezgian^[7]		крчар / krčar	[ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar]	'horns'	Allophone of /r/ between voiceless obstruents.
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect^[8]	geer	[ɣeːr̥]	'odour'	Possible word-final allophone of /r/; may be uvular [ʀ̥] instead.^[9] See Hasselt dialect phonology
Moksha		нархне / närhn'e	[ˈnar̥nʲæ]	'these grasses'	Contrasts with /r/: нарня [ˈnarnʲæ] "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart /r̥ʲ/: марьхне [ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ] "these apples", but марьня [ˈmarʲnʲæ] "little apple"
Nivkh	Amur dialect	р̌ы / řy	[r̥ɨ]	'door'	Contrasts with /r/. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated ⟨r̝̊⟩.
Northern Sámi		čahrrat	[ˈt͡ʃar̥.r̥ah(t)]	'to talk or laugh noisily'
Polish		krtań	[ˈkr̥täɲ̟]	'larynx'	Allophone of /r/ when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See Polish phonology
Ukrainian^[10]		центр / centr	[t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥]	'centre'	Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t/.^[10] See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh		Rhagfyr	[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]^ⓘ	'December'	Contrasts with /r/. See Welsh phonology
Yaygirr		dirha	[ˈdir̥a]	'tooth'	Contrasts with /r/.
Zapotec	Quiegolani^[11]	rsil	[r̥sil]	'early'	Allophone of /r/.^[11]

Voiceless alveolar fricative trill

A voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language, except possibly the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. It occurs allophonically in Czech.

Features

Features of a voiceless alveolar fricative trill:

Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Czech^[12]^[13]		příliš	[ˈpr̝̊iːlɪʃ]^ⓘ	'too (much)'	Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants;^[14]^[13] may be a tapped fricative instead.^[13] See Czech phonology
Norwegian	Areas around Narvik^[15]	norsk	[nɔr̝̊k]	'Norwegian'	Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ before voiceless consonants.^[15]
Norwegian	Some subdialects of Trøndersk^[15]	norsk	[nɔr̝̊k]	'Norwegian'
Nivkh	(East) Sakhalin dialect	р̌ы / řy	[r̝̊ɨ]	'door'	Contrasts with /r/. In the Amur dialect, typically realized as ⟨r̥⟩.
Polish	Some dialects	przyjść	[ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ]	'to come'	Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as /ʂ/, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do so too.
Silesian	Gmina Istebna	^{[example needed]}			Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants. It is pronounced the same as /ʂ/ in most Polish dialects.
Silesian	Jablunkov	^{[example needed]}

Notes

↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:228)
1 2 Luvsanvandan (1964), p. 184.
↑ Terrill (2002), p. 4.
1 2 Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
↑ Emeneau (1970), p. 70.
↑ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
↑ Haspelmath (1993:35)
↑ Peters (2006)
↑ While Peters (2006) does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol ⟨r̥⟩ for many instances of the word-final /r/.
1 2 Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:8)
1 2 Regnier (1993:11)
↑ Dankovičová (1999:70–71)
1 2 3 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:226)
↑ Dankovičová (1999:70)
1 2 3 Fabiánová (2011:34–35)

References

Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
Emeneau, Murray Barnson (1970), Dravidian Comparative Phonology: A Sketch, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India: Annamalai University
Fabiánová, Martina (2011), Srovnání české a norské fonetiky (PDF)
Haspelmath, Martin (1993), A Grammar of Lezgian, Mouton Grammar Library, vol. 9, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-013735-6
Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003-01-16), The Dravidian Languages, Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511486876, ISBN 978-0-521-77111-5, S2CID 62636490
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6

Luvsanvandan, Š. (1964), "The Khalkha-Mongolian Phonemic System", Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 17 (2): 175–85, JSTOR 23656849

Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Regnier, Sue (1993), "Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology", Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, 37, University of Dakota: 37–63
Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
Terrill, Angela (2002), Dharumbal: The Language of Rockhampton, Australia, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 0-85883-462-6

External links

List of languages with [r̥] on PHOIBLE

[1] Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:228)

[FOOTNOTELuvsanvandan1964184-2] 1 2 Luvsanvandan (1964), p. 184.

[FOOTNOTETerrill20024-3] Terrill (2002), p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEAsuTeras2009368-4] 1 2 Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.

[FOOTNOTEEmeneau197070-5] Emeneau (1970), p. 70.

[FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200370-6] Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.

[7] Haspelmath (1993:35)

[8] Peters (2006)

[9] While Peters (2006) does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol ⟨r̥⟩ for many instances of the word-final /r/.

[DanVak8-10] 1 2 Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:8)

[regnier-11] 1 2 Regnier (1993:11)

[12] Dankovičová (1999:70–71)

[SiPoCh-13] 1 2 3 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:226)

[14] Dankovičová (1999:70)

[fabianova-15] 1 2 3 Fabiánová (2011:34–35)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

Voiceless dental and alveolar trills

Contents

Features

Occurrence

Dental

Alveolar

Voiceless alveolar fricative trill

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links