The hillstars are hummingbirds of the genus Oreotrochilus. They are native to the Andes in South America.
| Hillstar | |
|---|---|
_perched.jpg) | |
| female Andean hillstar (Oreotrochilus estella) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Tribe: | Lesbiini |
| Genus: | Oreotrochilus Gould, 1847 |
| Type species | |
| Trochilus estella d'Orbigny 1838 | |
| Species | |
|
see text | |
Taxonomy
editThe genus Oreotrochilus was introduced in 1847 by the English ornithologist John Gould with Trochilus estella d'Orbigny 1838, the Andean hillstar, as the type species.[1][2] The genus name Oreotrochilus combines the Ancient Greek ορος/oros, ορεος/oreos meaning "mountain" with the genus Trochilus that had been introduced in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus for the hummingbirds.[3]
The Urochroa hillstars are not closely related.
Species list
editTheir genus contains seven species:[4]
| Image | Common name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Ecuadorian hillstar | Oreotrochilus chimborazo |  |
 | Blue-throated hillstar | Oreotrochilus cyanolaemus |  |
 | Green-headed hillstar | Oreotrochilus stolzmanni |  |
 | Black-breasted hillstar | Oreotrochilus melanogaster |  |
 | Andean hillstar | Oreotrochilus estella |  |
 | White-sided hillstar | Oreotrochilus leucopleurus |  |
 | Wedge-tailed hillstar | Oreotrochilus adela |  |
Description
editThe birds are approximately 13 centimetres (5.1 in) in length with fairly long, slightly decurved black bills. They are sexually dimorphic. The male usually has an iridescent green throat, or bluish-purple in the Ecuadorian hillstar, with dull greenish upperparts and pale flanks. The central underparts are usually black, but are brown in the Andean hillstar. The tail is usually dark with a contrasting white pattern; the pattern is cinnamon in the wedge-tailed hillstar, and the tail is entirely dark in the black-breasted hillstar. The female is duller, with a whitish throat densely spotted with green, white, buff, or cinnamon underparts, and a dark tail with a white pattern.
Behaviour
editThese highly territorial hummingbirds are found in temperate and alpine grassland, scrub and woodland at altitudes of 1,200 to 5,200 metres (3,900 to 17,100 ft). The Ecuadorian hillstar has been observed nesting at high altitudes on the cliffs of Cotopaxi.[5] This species is known to nest colonially.[6]
Many hillstars feed mainly on shrubs of the Andean plant genus Chuquiraga, and some species may be limited to them.[7]
The genus has undergone allopatric speciation.
References
edit- ↑ Gould, John (1847). "Drafts for an arrangement of the Trochilidae, with descriptions of some new species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 15: 7-11 [9-10].
- ↑ Dickinson, E.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr., eds. (2013). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.
- ↑ Jobling, James A. "Oreotrochilus". The Key to Scientific Names. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 1 April 2026.
- ↑ AviList Core Team (2025). "AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025". doi:10.2173/avilist.v2025. Retrieved 1 April 2026.
- ↑ Smith, G. T. (1969). A high altitude hummingbird on the volcano Cotopaxi. Ibis 111(1), 17-22.
- ↑ Solano-Ugalde, A. (2008). High in the Andes: Colonial nesting of Ecuadorean Hillstar (Oreotrochilus chimborazo: Trochilidae) under a bridge. Ornitología Colombiana 6, 86-88.
- ↑ Bleiweiss, R. (1982). The northern limit of the hummingbird genus Oreotrochilus in South America. The Auk 99(2), 376-78.
Further reading
edit- Fjeldså, J. and I. Heynen (1999). Genus Oreotrochilus. pp. 623–24 In: del Hoyo, J., et al. (eds.) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 1999. ISBN 84-87334-25-3
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