Wikipedia

Oracle Database

(Redirected from Oracle (database))

Oracle Database (marketed since 2025 as Oracle AI Database, and also referred to as Oracle DBMS or simply Oracle) is a proprietary relational database management system (RDBMS) developed and marketed by Oracle Corporation. First released in 1979, it was among the earliest commercially available databases to use SQL, and as of 2026 it is ranked as the most popular database management system in the DB-Engines ranking.[4]

Oracle AI Database
DeveloperOracle Corporation
Initial release1979; 47 years ago (1979)
Stable release
26ai[1] Edit this on Wikidata / 14 October 2025; 8 months ago (14 October 2025)
Written inAssembly language, C, C++[2]
TypeMulti-model database management system
LicenseProprietary[3]
Websitewww.oracle.com/database/

It is commonly used for online transaction processing (OLTP), data warehousing (DW), and mixed database workloads. As a converged database, it supports multiple data models within a single engine, including relational, JSON document, XML, spatial, graph, text, and vector data, all queryable through SQL.[5]

Oracle Database runs on-premises, on Oracle engineered systems such as Oracle Exadata, on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, and as a managed Autonomous Database service.[6] It is also offered inside Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, and Amazon Web Services data centers through Oracle's multicloud offerings.[7] The current long-term support release, Oracle AI Database 26ai, became available in the cloud and on Oracle engineered systems in October 2025 and on-premises for Linux x86-64 in January 2026.[8]

History

edit

Origins

edit

Oracle Database originated with Software Development Laboratories (SDL), founded in 1977 by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates.[9] Ellison had been influenced by Edgar F. Codd's work on the relational model and by IBM's System R project, the first database system to use SQL.[9] The product took its name from the code name of a Central Intelligence Agency-funded project that Ellison had worked on while employed at Ampex.[10] The company was renamed Relational Software, Inc. in 1979 and later took the name of its flagship product, Oracle.[9]

The first commercial release, Oracle Version 2, shipped in 1979 and was among the earliest commercially available SQL-based relational database systems.[9] There was no Version 1; the founders numbered the first release "2" in the belief that customers would be reluctant to buy an initial version.[11] The database was rewritten in the C programming language for Version 3 in 1983, making it portable across mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers.[12] Ellison had wanted the database to be compatible with System R, but IBM's Don Chamberlin declined to release its error codes.[11]

Growth and the internet era

edit

Oracle Corporation held its initial public offering on March 12, 1986.[11] The company grew rapidly during the 1980s to become the largest database management company in the world,[9] though a financial setback in 1990 led to its first quarterly loss and significant layoffs before the business recovered.[12] Oracle7, released in 1992, matured the product into a leading enterprise relational database management system, adding persistent PL/SQL stored procedures and triggers, a cost-based query optimizer, and improved administration tools.[12] In the late 1990s Oracle aligned the product with the Internet: Oracle8i (1998) added native Java and internet protocols, and its "i" suffix denoted "internet".

Clustering, grid, and cloud computing

edit

Oracle9i (2001) introduced Real Application Clusters, allowing multiple servers to share a single database. Oracle 10g (2003) added grid-computing infrastructure and Automatic Storage Management, with "g" denoting "grid". The Exadata engineered system followed in 2008,[13] and Oracle's 2010 acquisition of Sun Microsystems brought MySQL, Java, and the Solaris operating system into its portfolio.[9] Oracle Database 12c (2013) introduced the multitenant architecture and the In-Memory Column Store, with "c" denoting "cloud". In 2017 Oracle announced Oracle Autonomous Database, a self-managing cloud service, with the first services becoming available in 2018.[14]

AI era

edit

Oracle Database 23c, released in 2023, was renamed Oracle Database 23ai in 2024 to reflect the addition of AI-oriented capabilities, including AI Vector Search and JSON Relational Duality.[15] In October 2025 Oracle rebranded the release line as Oracle AI Database 26ai, delivered through Release Update 23.26.0; existing 23ai deployments are converted by applying the update, without a separate database upgrade.[15] The Enterprise Edition became available on-premises for Linux x86-64 in January 2026.[16]

Architecture

edit
Architecture of a single-instance Oracle Database, showing the instance and the database files.

Instances and databases

edit

An Oracle Database system consists of an instance and a database. The instance is a set of memory structures and background processes; the database is the set of files that store data.[17] An instance exists only in memory, and in the multitenant configuration a single instance is associated with one container database.[17] Client programs connect to the database through server processes, which are established by way of the Oracle Net listener.[18]

Memory

edit

The principal memory structures are the System Global Area (SGA), which is shared by all server and background processes, and the Program Global Areas (PGA), which are private to individual processes.[19][20] The shared pool, database buffer cache, and redo log buffer are components of the SGA, and the optional In-Memory Column Store also resides there.[19] Each PGA holds session information and the work areas used to process SQL statements.[20]

Processes

edit

Background processes operate on the database files and use the memory structures to do their work. They include the database writer, the log writer, the checkpoint process, the system monitor and process monitor processes, and the archiver processes that copy redo logs for recovery.[21] Server processes handle connections from client programs and run their SQL statements.[20]

Storage structures

edit

Storage is organized both logically and physically. Logically, data is held in tablespaces composed of segments, extents, and data blocks. Physically, the database comprises data files, control files, and online redo log files, with archived redo logs supporting media recovery.[22] Data files can be placed on conventional file systems or managed by Automatic Storage Management (ASM), a volume manager and file system built into the database.[22]

Multitenant architecture

edit

Since Oracle Database 12c (2013), the database uses a multitenant architecture built on container databases (CDBs) and pluggable databases (PDBs). A CDB contains a root container (CDB$ROOT) that holds Oracle-supplied metadata and common users, a seed PDB (PDB$SEED) used as a template for creating new PDBs, and zero or more user-created PDBs.[23] A PDB appears to a client or application as an independent database, while from the operating system's perspective the CDB is the database. Because PDBs are portable, they can be unplugged from one CDB and plugged into another, which supports database consolidation, cloning, and patching at the container level.[23]

Concurrency and consistency

edit

Oracle Database provides multiversion read consistency. When a transaction modifies data, the database writes the previous values to undo segments, so multiple versions of the same data can exist at different points in time. Queries return a read-consistent view of the data as of the time the query or transaction began, which allows reads and writes to proceed without blocking one another.[24] The database supports the read committed isolation level by default and also offers serializable isolation.[24]

High Availability and Scalability

edit

Oracle Database includes several technologies for high availability, disaster recovery, and scale.

Oracle Real Application Clusters allows multiple instances on separate servers to access one shared database concurrently; it was introduced with Oracle9i in 2001[25]. Oracle Data Guard maintains standby databases synchronized with a primary database[26], and Active Data Guard additionally allows read-only workloads on a standby while it applies changes. Oracle GoldenGate performs logical replication and data integration across heterogeneous systems[27]. Native sharding, introduced in Oracle Database 12c Release 2, distributes one logical database across independent shards. Oracle Exadata[28] is an engineered system that pairs database servers with storage servers and offloads operations such as filtering to the storage tier; it is available on-premises, in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, and through Cloud@Customer.

Notable Features

edit

AI Vector Search adds a vector data type, vector indexes, and vector distance operators to the database. These allow similarity search over machine-learning embeddings to be expressed in SQL and combined with queries over relational, JSON, spatial, and graph data. It became generally available in Oracle Database 23ai.[29]

JSON Relational Duality exposes the same data both as relational tables and as JSON documents through duality views, so that an application can read and write either representation of the data.[30] It became generally available in Oracle Database 23ai.

In-Memory Column Store maintains a column-oriented copy of selected tables in memory in addition to the row-oriented format, and the optimizer can use the columnar copy for analytic queries.[31] It was introduced in Oracle Database 12c Release 1.Partitioning divides large tables and indexes into independently managed pieces.[32] Advanced Compression[33] and Hybrid Columnar Compression[34] are compression features for transactional and warehouse data respectively.

Data Types

edit

Oracle AI Database supports a variety of data types and data models within a single system.[35] These include traditional relational data types as well as semi-structured, unstructured, and specialized data formats, enabling different types of data to be stored and queried together.[36]

Database security

edit

Virtual Private Database (VPD) is a database security feature built into an Oracle database server.[37]

Releases and versions

edit

Oracle products follow a custom release-numbering and -naming convention. The "ai" in the current release, Oracle AI Database 26ai, stands for "Artificial Intelligence". Previous releases (e.g. Oracle Database 19c, 10g, and Oracle9i Database) have used suffixes of "c", "g", and "i" which stand for "Cloud", "Grid", and "Internet" respectively. Prior to the release of Oracle8i Database, no suffixes featured in Oracle AI Database naming conventions. There was no v1 of Oracle AI Database, as Ellison "knew no one would want to buy version 1".[38][39] For some database releases, Oracle also provides an Express Edition (XE) that is free to use.[40][41]

Oracle AI Database release numbering has used the following codes:

Legend:
Unsupported
Supported
Latest version
LTR = Long-Term Release, IR = Innovation Release
Oracle
Database
Version		 Initial
Release
Version		 Initial
Release
Date		 Terminal
Version		 Marquee
Features
Latest version: Oracle AI Database 26ai (LTR) 23.26.0 Starting with Release Update 23.26.0, released in October 2025, Oracle Database 23ai is replaced by Oracle AI Database 26ai.

Applying Release Update 23.26.0 to an existing Oracle Database 23ai deployment converts it to Oracle AI Database 26ai without requiring a separate database upgrade or application re-certification[42]

 AI is natively architected into Oracle AI Database and SQL; unifies all major data models and workloads in a single converged engine; Model Context Protocol (MCP) Server support; Oracle Unified Memory Core for agent context across multiple data types; AI Semantic Models; unified relational, JSON, and graph data model; Private Agent Factory and Select AI Agent; Oracle Vectors on Ice for Apache Iceberg tables; Autonomous AI Lakehouse; Deep Data Security; Private AI Services Container[43]
Supported: Oracle Database 23ai (LTR) 23.4.0 From Release Update 23.26.0 onward, 23ai is replaced by Oracle AI Database 26ai[44]

On May 2, 2024, Oracle Database 23ai[45] was released on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) as cloud services, including OCI Exadata Database Service, OCI Exadata Database Cloud@Customer, and OCI Base Database Service. It is also available in Always Free Autonomous Database. Oracle Database 23c (previously released in 2023) was renamed to Oracle Database 23ai (23.4) due to the significant additional engineering effort to add features that bring AI capabilities to the data in Oracle AI Database.

Oracle Database 23c (23.2 and 23.3) was released in 2023: April 2023 (Linux) Oracle Database Free - Developer Release[46] September 2023 Oracle AI Database on Base Database Service[47]

 AI Vector Search[29] (includes new Vector data type, Vector indexes, and Vector SQL operators/functions), JSON Relational Duality,[48] JSON Schema Validation, Transactional Microservices Support, OKafka, Operational Property Graphs, Support for SQL/PGQ, Schema Privileges, Developer Role, In-database SQL Firewall, TLS 1.3 Support, Integration with Azure Active Directory OAuth2, True Cache for mid-tier caching, Readable Per-PDB Standby, Globally Distributed Database with active-active RAFT-based replication, Real-time SQL Plan Management, Priority Transactions, SQL Syntax Simplification, Schema Annotations, Data Use Case Domains, Column Value Lock-free Reservations
Supported: Oracle Database 21c (IR) 21.1.0 December 2020 (cloud)[49]

August 2021 (Linux)[50]

 Blockchain Tables, Multilingual Engine - JavaScript Execution in the Database, Binary JSON Data Type, Per-PDB Data Guard Physical Standby (aka Multitenant Data Guard), Per-PDB GoldenGate Change Capture, Self-Managing In-Memory, In-Memory Hybrid Columnar Scan, In-Memory Vector Joins with SIMD, Sharding Advisor Tool, Property Graph Visualization Studio, Automatic Materialized Views, Automatic Zone Maps, SQL Macros, Gradual Password Rollover
Supported: Oracle Database 19c (LTR) 19.1.0 // 12.2.0.3 February 2019 (Exadata)[51]

April 2019 (Linux)[52]
June 2019 (cloud)

 Active Data Guard DML Redirection, Automatic Index Creation, Real-Time Statistics Maintenance, SQL Queries on Object Stores, In-Memory for IoT Data Streams, Hybrid Partitioned Tables, Automatic SQL Plan Management, SQL Quarantine, Zero-Downtime Grid Infrastructure Patching, Finer-Granularity Supplemental Logging, Automated PDB Relocation
Unsupported: Oracle Database 18c (IR) 18.1.0 // 12.2.0.2 February 2018 (cloud, Exadata)[53]

July 2018 (other)[54]

 18.17.0
January 2022		 Polymorphic Table Functions, Active Directory Integration, Transparent Application Continuity, Approximate Top-N Query Processing, PDB Snapshot Carousel, Online Merging of Partitions and Subpartitions
Unsupported: Oracle Database 12c Release 2 12.2.0.1
March 2017		 August 2016 (cloud)

March 2017 (on-premises)

 12.2.0.1
March 2017		 Native Sharding, Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance, Exadata Cloud Service, Cloud at Customer
Unsupported: Oracle Database 12c Release 1 12.1.0.1 July 2013[55] 12.1.0.2
July 2014		 Multitenant architecture, In-Memory Column Store, Native JSON, SQL Pattern Matching, Database Cloud Service
Unsupported: Oracle Database 11g Release 2 11.2.0.1 September 2009[56] 11.2.0.4
August 2013		 Edition-Based Redefinition, Data Redaction, Hybrid Columnar Compression, Cluster File System, Golden Gate Replication, Database Appliance
Unsupported: Oracle Database 11g Release 1 11.1.0.6 September 2007 11.1.0.7
September 2008		 Active Data Guard, Secure Files, Exadata
Unsupported: Oracle Database 10g Release 2 10.2.0.1 July 2005[57] 10.2.0.5
April 2010		 Real Application Testing, Database Vault, Online Indexing, Advanced Compression, Data Guard Fast-Start Failover, Transparent Data Encryption
Unsupported: Oracle Database 10g Release 1 10.1.0.2 2003 10.1.0.5
February 2006		 Automated Database Management, Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor, Grid infrastructure, Oracle ASM, Flashback Database
Unsupported: Oracle9i Database Release 2 9.2.0.1 2002 9.2.0.8
April 2007		 Advanced Queuing, Data Mining, Streams, Logical Standby
Unsupported: Oracle9i Database 9.0.1.0 2001 9.0.1.5
December 2003		 Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC), Oracle XML DB
Unsupported: Oracle8i Database 8.1.5.0 1998 8.1.7.4
August 2000		 Native internet protocols and Java, Virtual Private Database
Unsupported: Oracle8 Database 8.0.3 June 1997 8.0.6 Recovery Manager, Partitioning. First version available for Linux.[58]
Unsupported: Oracle 7.3 7.3.0 February 1996 7.3.4 Object-relational database
Unsupported: Oracle 7.2 7.2.0 May 1995 Shared Server, XA Transactions, Transparent Application Failover
Unsupported: Oracle 7.1 7.1.0 May 1994 Parallel SQL Execution. First version available for Windows NT.[59]
Unsupported: Oracle7 7.0.12 June 1992 Distributed 2-phase commit,[60] PL/SQL stored procedures, triggers, shared cursors, cost-based optimizer
Unsupported: Oracle 6.2 6.2.0 Oracle Parallel Server
Unsupported: Oracle v6 6.0.17 1988 6.0.37 Row-level locking, SMP scalability / performance, storing of undo in database,[60] online backup and recovery, B*Tree indexes, PL/SQL executed from compiled programs (C etc.). First version available for Novell Netware 386.[61]
Unsupported: Oracle v5 5.0.22 (5.1.17) 1985 5.1.22 C2 security certification. Support for distributed database systems[60] and client/server computing. First version available for OS/2. Correlated sub-queries.[62] DOS version supports extended memory.[60]
Unsupported: Oracle v4 4.1.4.0 1984 4.1.4.4 Multiversion read consistency. Halloween Problem solved. Improved concurrency.[60] First version available for MS-DOS[63][64] and IBM mainframe.[60]
Unsupported: Oracle v3 3.1.3 1983 Concurrency control, data distribution, and scalability. Re-written in C for portability to other operating systems, including UNIX.[65][60]
Unsupported: Oracle v2 2.3 1979 First commercially available SQL RDBMS. Basic SQL queries, simple joins[66] and CONNECT BY joins. Atomic role-level SQL statements. Rudimentary concurrency control and database integrity. No query optimizer. Written in assembly language for the PDP-11[60] to run in 128KB of RAM.[67] Ran on PDP-11 and VAX/VMS in PDP-11 compatibility mode.[60]
Legend:
Unsupported
Supported
Latest version
LTR = Long-Term Release, IR = Innovation Release

The Introduction to Oracle AI Database includes a brief history on some of the key innovations introduced with each major release of Oracle AI Database.

See My Oracle Support (MOS) note Release Schedule of Current Database Releases (Doc ID 742060.1) for the current Oracle AI Database releases and their patching end dates.

Patch updates and security alerts

edit

Prior to Oracle Database 18c, Oracle Corporation released Critical Patch Updates (CPUs) and Security Patch Updates (SPUs)[68] and Security Alerts to close security vulnerabilities. These releases are issued quarterly; some of these releases have updates issued prior to the next quarterly release.

Starting with Oracle Database 18c, Oracle Corporation releases Release Updates (RUs) and Release Update Revisions (RURs).[69] RUs usually contain security, regression (bug), optimizer, and functional fixes which may include feature extensions as well. RURs include all fixes from their corresponding RU but only add new security and regression fixes. However, no new optimizer or functional fixes are included.

Competition

edit

In the market for relational databases, Oracle AI Database competes against commercial products such as IBM Db2 and Microsoft SQL Server.[41] Oracle and IBM tend to battle for the mid-range database market on Unix and Linux platforms, while Microsoft dominates the mid-range database market on Microsoft Windows platforms. However, since they share many of the same customers, Oracle and IBM tend to support each other's products in many middleware and application categories (for example: WebSphere, PeopleSoft, and Siebel Systems CRM), and IBM's hardware divisions work closely[citation needed] with Oracle on performance-optimizing server-technologies (for example, Linux on IBM Z). Niche commercial competitors include Teradata (in data warehousing and business intelligence), Software AG's ADABAS, Sybase, and IBM's Informix, among many others.

In the cloud, Oracle AI Database competes against the database services of AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.

Increasingly, the Oracle AI Database products compete against open-source software relational and non-relational database systems such as PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Couchbase, Neo4j, ArangoDB and others. Oracle acquired Innobase, supplier of the InnoDB codebase to MySQL, in part to compete better against open source alternatives, and acquired Sun Microsystems, owner of MySQL, in 2010. Database products licensed as open-source are, by the legal terms of the Open Source Definition, free to distribute and free of royalty or other licensing fees.

Reception

edit

The Rosen Electronics Letter in February 1983 stated that Oracle was "the most comprehensive offering we've seen" among databases, with good marketing and substantial installed base encouraging developers to write software for it. The newsletter especially approved of the user interface, noting the "simplicity of setting up 'programs'—queries, data manipulation, updates—without actually programming".[70]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ↑ "Introducing Oracle AI Database 26ai: Next-Gen AI-Native Database for All Your Data".
  2. ↑ Lextrait, Vincent (March 2016). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v16". Retrieved 15 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  3. ↑ "OTN Standard License", Technical network, Oracle
  4. ↑ "DB-Engines Ranking". DB-Engines. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  5. ↑ "Oracle Database Features". Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  6. ↑ "Cloud database comparison: AWS, Microsoft, Google and Oracle | TechTarget". Search Data Management. Retrieved 31 May 2026.
  7. ↑ "Multicloud Solutions for Your Business". www.oracle.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2026. Retrieved 31 May 2026.
  8. ↑ "Oracle AI Database 26ai Powers the AI for Data Revolution". www.oracle.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2026. Retrieved 31 May 2026.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Oracle Corporation". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  10. ↑ "Larry Ellison's Oracle Started As a CIA Project". Gizmodo. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  11. 1 2 3 "How Oracle Got Started". Financhill. 6 July 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  12. 1 2 3 "The History of Oracle Corporation: 1977–2000". DSP. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  13. ↑ "Oracle Exadata Database Machine Decision Makers Guide". Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  14. ↑ "Oracle debuts autonomous cloud database for data warehouse workloads". CIO Dive. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  15. 1 2 "Introducing Oracle AI Database 26ai". Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  16. ↑ "Oracle AI Database 26ai Now Available for Linux x86-64 On-Premises Platforms". Oracle. January 2026. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  17. 1 2 "Database Instance". Oracle AI Database 26ai Technical Architecture. Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  18. ↑ "Database Server". Oracle AI Database 26ai Technical Architecture. Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  19. 1 2 "System Global Area". Oracle AI Database 26ai Technical Architecture. Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  20. 1 2 3 "Program Global Area". Oracle AI Database 26ai Technical Architecture. Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  21. ↑ "Background Processes". Oracle AI Database 26ai Technical Architecture. Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  22. 1 2 "Database Storage Structures". Oracle AI Database 26ai Technical Architecture. Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  23. 1 2 "Multitenant Container Database (CDB)". Oracle AI Database 26ai Technical Architecture. Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  24. 1 2 "Data Concurrency and Consistency". Oracle AI Database Concepts. Oracle. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  25. ↑ "Oracle Real Application Clusters 26ai Technical Architecture". docs.oracle.com. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  26. ↑ Rich, Kathy; Adams, Andy; Anand, Beldalker; Brown, Chipper; Carpenter, Larry; Puymbroeck, Pieter Van; Jin-Jwei Chen, Laurence Clarke; Detjen, Jeff; Dutcher, Ray. "Introduction to Oracle Data Guard". Oracle Help Center. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  27. ↑ "Oracle GoldenGate". Oracle Help Center. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  28. ↑ "Oracle Exadata". www.oracle.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2026. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  29. 1 2 "Oracle Announces General Availability of AI Vector Search in Oracle Database 23ai". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  30. ↑ Oracle JSON development, product management; Adams, Drew. "Overview of JSON-Relational Duality Views". Oracle Help Center. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  31. ↑ Baskan, Yasin; Bayliss, Nigel; Belden, Eric; Carpenter, Larry; Chavan, Shasank; Endress, William; Gleeson, Michael; Holloway, Allison; Inoue, Katsumi. "Introduction to Oracle AI Database In-Memory". Oracle Help Center. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  32. ↑ Adams, Drew; Agrawal, Ashish; Anthony, Troy; Arora, Vikas; Athraya, Jagan; Austin, David; Baby, Thomas; Barriere, Vladimir; Baer, Hermann. "Partitions, Views, and Other Schema Objects". Oracle Help Center. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  33. ↑ Adams, Drew; Agrawal, Ashish; Anthony, Troy; Arora, Vikas; Athraya, Jagan; Austin, David; Baby, Thomas; Barriere, Vladimir; Baer, Hermann. "Indexes and Index-Organized Tables". Oracle Help Center. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  34. ↑ Adams, Drew; Agrawal, Ashish; Anthony, Troy; Arora, Vikas; Athraya, Jagan; Austin, David; Baby, Thomas; Barriere, Vladimir; Baer, Hermann. "Tables and Table Clusters". Oracle Help Center. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
  35. ↑ "AI database deep dive: Oracle's platform redesign". SiliconANGLE. 1 April 2026. Retrieved 22 May 2026.
  36. ↑ Strechay, Rob (19 April 2025). "Oracle's Strategic Blueprint for Unified, Multicloud, AI and Data". theCUBE Research. Retrieved 22 May 2026.
  37. ↑ Nesterko, Artem (14 May 2019). "Securing sensitive data with Oracle VPD". Enginatics. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  38. ↑ Julie Bort (29 September 2014). "Larry Ellison Is A Billionaire Today Thanks to the CIA". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  39. ↑ "RDBMS Plenary 1: Early Years" (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Burton Grad. Computer History Museum. 12 June 2007. pp. 33, 35. Retrieved 30 May 2025.
  40. ↑ "Free Oracle Database for Everyone". Oracle. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  41. 1 2 "RDBMS Plenary Session: The Later Years" (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Burton Grad. Computer History Museum. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2025.
  42. ↑ "Release Schedule of Current Database Releases". support.oracle.com. Retrieved 14 November 2025.
  43. ↑ Vavra, Chris (5 February 2026). "Oracle AI Database 26ai Brings Enterprise AI to On-Premises Deployments". ERP Today. Retrieved 29 May 2026.
  44. ↑ "Release Schedule of Current Database Releases". support.oracle.com. Retrieved 14 November 2025.
  45. ↑ "Announcing Oracle Database 23ai: General Availability". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  46. ↑ "Oracle Database 23c Free - Developer Release". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  47. ↑ "Oracle Database 23c on OCI Base Database Service". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  48. ↑ "Oracle Announces General Availability of JSON Relational Duality in Oracle Database 23ai". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  49. ↑ "Oracle Database 21c". Oracle Help Center. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  50. ↑ Hardie, William (23 September 2021). "Oracle Database 21c Now Available On Linux". Oracle Database Insider. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  51. ↑ Giles, Dominic (13 February 2019). "Oracle Database 19c Now Available on Oracle Exadata". Oracle Database Insider. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  52. ↑ Hardie, William (25 April 2019). "Oracle Database 19c Now Available on Linux". Oracle Database Insider. Retrieved 27 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  53. ↑ "Oracle Database 18c : Now available on the Oracle Cloud and Oracle Engineered Systems". Oracle Database Insider. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  54. ↑ Zagar, Adriana (23 July 2018). "Oracle Database 18c Now Available For On-Premises". Oracle Community. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  55. ↑ "Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle Database 12c, the First Database Designed for the Cloud". Oracle. 1 July 2013. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  56. ↑ "Oracle® Database 11g Release 2 is Now Available". Oracle. 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  57. ↑ "Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle® Database 10g Release 2". Oracle. 11 July 2005. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  58. ↑ Biggs, Maggie (5 October 1998). "Oracle8 on Linux shows promise". InfoWorld. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  59. ↑ Nash, Kim (3 October 1994). "Oracle users ponder product overload". Infoworld. IDG Enterprise. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cite error: The named reference rdbmsoracle20070612 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  61. ↑ O'Brien, Timothy (29 April 1991). "Oracle unveils data base for Novell NetWare 386 LANs". InfoWorld. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  62. ↑ Mace, Scott (30 January 1989). "DOS Version of Professional Oracle 5.1B Adds SQL Report Writer". InfoWorld. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  63. ↑ Webster, Robin (13 November 1984). "PC Relational Database? New Answer is Oracle". PC Magazine. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  64. ↑ Gralike, Marco (4 April 2006). "Back to the future (Oracle 4.1 VM appliance)". amis.nl. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  65. ↑ Data Processing Digest Volumes 29-30. Data Processing Digest. 1983. p. 2.
  66. ↑ Departments of Informatics. "Oracle V2". Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics. University of Klagenfurt. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  67. ↑ Maheshwari, Sharad (2007). Introduction to SQL and PL/SQL. Firewall Media. p. 12. ISBN 9788131800386.
  68. ↑ Baransel, Emre (2013). Oracle Data Guard 11gR2 Administration Beginner's Guide. Packt Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781849687911. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2014. You should not get confused between Critical Patch Update (CPU) and Security Patch Update (SPU) as CPU terminology has been changed to SPU from October 2012.
  69. ↑ "Patch Delivery Methods for Oracle Database 12c Release 2 (12.2.0.1) and Later Versions". Docs.oracle.com. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  70. ↑ "DBMS and the workstation: Oracle gets close" (PDF). The Rosen Electronics Letter. 22 February 1983. pp. 3–5. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Database&oldid=1359208763"