Nguyễn Văn Trỗi (1 February 1940[1] – 15 October 1964) was a Vietnamese electrician and member of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam who was convicted by the Republic of Vietnam of attempting to assassinate United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara during McNamara's 1964 visit to South Vietnam. South Vietnamese authorities arrested Trỗi after uncovering a plot to bomb the Công Lý Bridge in Saigon, over which McNamara's motorcade was expected to pass.[2][3]
Nguyễn Văn Trỗi | |
|---|---|
 Nguyễn Văn Trỗi moments before his execution | |
| Born | 1 February 1940 Điện Bàn, Quảng Nam, Annam, French Indochina |
| Died | 15 October 1964 (aged 24) Chi Hoa Prison, Saigon, South Vietnam |
Criminal status | Executed by firing squad |
| Conviction | Attempted murder |
Criminal penalty | Capital punishment |
Trỗi was executed by firing squad in Saigon on 15 October 1964. Following his death, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front promoted him as a revolutionary martyr, issuing commemorative stamps, monuments, and propaganda materials bearing his image.[4][5]
Attempted assassination plot
editThe plot for which Trỗi was arrested involved placing explosives on or near the Công Lý Bridge in Saigon, where McNamara's motorcade was expected to pass during a visit to South Vietnam. The bridge lay on the route from Tan Son Nhut Air Base toward central Saigon.
Contemporary and later Western accounts generally associate the plot with McNamara's May 1964 visit to South Vietnam. The United States Department of State's published Foreign Relations of the United States volume documents McNamara-related meetings in Saigon in May 1964 as part of the second McNamara–Taylor mission.[6]
Trial, reprieve, and execution
editTrỗi was sentenced to death by South Vietnamese authorities. In October 1964, his case became linked to an international hostage crisis after Venezuelan guerrillas of the Armed Forces of National Liberation kidnapped United States Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Michael Smolen and threatened to kill him unless Trỗi's sentence was commuted.[7][8]
Smolen was released unharmed. Trỗi was executed by firing squad at Chi Hoa Prison in Saigon on 15 October 1964.[9]
Posthumous image and legacy
edit
After his execution, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front used Trỗi's image in stamps and other commemorative materials.[10] His name was later given to streets, schools, bridges, and public sites throughout Vietnam and in several foreign countries.
In Ho Chi Minh City, Nguyễn Văn Trỗi Street follows part of the route associated with the attempted attack on McNamara's motorcade, and a memorial to Trỗi stands near the former Công Lý Bridge.[11]
In Đà Nẵng, the Nguyễn Văn Trỗi Bridge spans the Hàn River.
Book by Phan Thị Quyên
editTrỗi's widow, Phan Thị Quyên, later published a short biography of him through the Foreign Languages Publishing House in Hanoi. As a publication issued by North Vietnam shortly after his execution, the work is useful for understanding his official revolutionary image, though historians generally treat specific biographical claims with caution when they cannot be independently verified.[12]
References
edit- ↑ Staff report (16 October 1964). "Another Nasty Stunt." Time (only available online for subscribers). The article describes Trỗi as aged 17 at the time of his execution, although other sources cite 1940 as his year of birth, making him 24 years old at death, which may be more likely given he was married at the time of his death, although the exact year or date of his birth may never be known.
- ↑ "Plot To Kill McNamara!—2 Admit Plan to Blow up Viet Bridge". Chicago Tribune. 11 May 1964.
- ↑ "The Second McNamara–Taylor Mission to Vietnam and Planning Discussions, May 8–26". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume I: Vietnam, 1964. United States Government Printing Office. 1992.
- ↑ Emering, Edward J. "Hero Nguyen Van Troi". The Journal of the Orders and Medals Society of America. 50 (2): 29–30.
- ↑ Greene, Felix (1966). Vietnam! Vietnam! In Photographs and Text. Fulton Publishing Company. LCCN 66028359.
- ↑ Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume I: Vietnam, 1964. United States Government Printing Office. 1992.
- ↑ "Another Nasty Stunt". Time. 16 October 1964.
- ↑ "Suggestions, Anyone?". Time. 23 October 1964.
- ↑ "Saigon Executes Youth For Plot on McNamara". The New York Times. Reuters. 15 October 1964.
- ↑ "Postal Issues of North Vietnam". The New York Times. 19 May 1968.
- ↑ Doling, Tim (2019). Exploring Saigon-Cholon: Vanishing Heritage of Ho Chi Minh City. Thế Giới Publishers. p. 365. ISBN 9786047761388.
- ↑ Phan, Thị Quyên (1965). Nguyễn Văn Trỗi As He Was. Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House.