A modal share (also called mode split, mode-share, or modal split) is the percentage of travelers using a particular type of transportation or number of trips using said type.[1] In freight transportation, this may be measured in mass.
Modal share is an important component in developing sustainable transport within a city or region. In recent years, many cities have set modal share targets for balanced and sustainable transport modes, particularly 30% of non-motorized (cycling and walking) and 30% of public transport. These goals reflect a desire for a modal shift, or a change between modes, and usually encompasses an increase in the proportion of trips made using sustainable modes.[2]
Comparability of data
editModal share data is usually obtained by travel surveys, which are often conducted by local governments, using different methodologies. Sampling and interviewing techniques, definitions, the extent of geographical areas and other methodological differences can influence comparability. Most typical surveys refer to the main mode of transport used during trips to work.[3] Surveys covering entire metropolitan areas are preferred over city proper surveys which typically cover only the denser inner city. As of 26 August 2025[update] the reference years in these lists span over two decades, making comparisons problematic, especially given changing population, new transportation infrastructure and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, among other factors.
Modal split of journeys to work
editThe following tables present the modal split of journeys to work. It is better to use a measure of all trips on a typical weekday, but journey to work data is more readily available. It would also be beneficial to disaggregate private motor vehicles figures to car driver, car passengers and motorbikes (especially relevant for Asian cities).
Metropolitan areas with over 1,000,000 inhabitants
edit| Metro area | Walking | Cycling | Public transport | Private motor vehicle | Year | Survey area | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Adelaide | 3% | 1% | 11% | 85% | 2016[4] | GCCSA | Australia |
 Atlanta |
1% | 0% | 3% | 86% | 2016[5] | UA | USA |
 Mexico City | 1% | 1% | 71% | 22% | 2019[6] | Mexico | |
 Athens | 8% | 2% | 37% | 53% | 2006[7] | Greece | |
 Auckland | 5% | 1% | 12% | 81% | 2018[8] | MUA | New Zealand |
| Austin |
2% | 1% | 3% | 83% | 2019[9] | USA | |
| Baltimore |
3% | 0% | 7% | 84% | 2016[10] | UA | USA |
 Barcelona | 34.35% | 2.28% | 37.33% | 26.04% | 2018[11] | Spain | |
 Beijing | 21% | 32% | 26% | 21% | 2005/2011[12] | China | |
 Belgrade | 23% | 1% | 49% | 27% | 2015 | Serbia | |
 Berlin | 34% | 18% | 26% | 22% | 2023[13] | Germany | |
| Brisbane | 4% | 1% | 14% | 81% | 2016[14] | GCCSA | Australia |
 Brussels | 36% | 9% | 24% | 29% | 2022[15] | Belgium | |
 Bogotá | 24% | 7% | 43% | 15% | 2019[12] | Colombia | |
| Boston | 5% | 1% | 14% | 73% | 2016[16] | UA | USA |
 Bucharest | 31% | 2% | 27% | 36% | 2015[17] | Other (taxi): 4% | Romania |
 Budapest | 32% | 1% | 47% | 20% | 2011 | Hungary | |
 Calgary |
4% | 1% | 8% | 84% | 2021 [18] | CMA | Canada |
| Chicago | 7.1% | 1.8% | 20.5% | 51% | 2024[19] | USA | |
| Cologne | 25% | 19% | 21% | 35% | 2017[20] | Germany | |
| Dallas | 1% | 0% | 2% | 90% | 2016[21] | UA | USA |
 Daejeon | 26% | 2% | 28% | 44% | 2012[22] | South Korea | |
 Delhi | 21% | 12% | 48% | 19% | 2008/2011[12] | India | |
| Detroit |
1% | 0% | 2% | 92% | 2016[23] | USA | |
| Denver |
2% | 1% | 4% | 81% | 2020[24] | UA | USA |
 Dhaka |
19% | 39% | 29% | 13% | 2009[25] | Bangladesh | |
 Dublin |
18% | 7% | 15% | 59% | 2020[26] | Ireland | |
| Edmonton |
3% | 1% | 6% | 87% | 2021 [27] | CMA | Canada |
| Guangzhou | 35% | 19% | 22% | 23% | 2021[28][29] | China | |
| Hamburg | 22% | 22% | 24% | 32% | 2022[30] | Germany | |
 Helsinki | 10.99% | 9.34% | 32.42% | 46% | 2016[31] | MA, Other: 0.5% | Finland |
 Hong Kong | 11% | 0.5% | 77% | 12% | 2011[32] | China | |
| Houston | 1% | 0% | 2% | 91% | 2016[33] | UA | USA |
| Indianapolis | 1% | 0% | 1% | 91% | 2016[34] | UA | USA |
 Jakarta | 1% | 0.2% | 20% | 78%* | 2019[35] | UA *67% motorbike | Indonesia |
 Kuala Lumpur | 0.5% | 0.5% | 21% | 78% | 2018[36] | Malaysia | |
| Las Vegas | 1% | 0% | 4% | 90% | 2016[37] | UA | USA |
 London | 26% | 2.5% | 44.5% | 27% | 2020[38] | UK | |
| Los Angeles | 3% | 1% | 5% | 85% | 2016[39] | UA | USA |
| Madrid | 34% | 0.5% | 25% | 40% | 2018[40] | Spain | |
 Manila | 9% | 2% | 44% | 45% | 2019[12] | Philippines | |
| Melbourne | 4% | 2% | 19% | 76% | 2016[14] | GCCSA | Australia |
| Miami |
2% | 1% | 4% | 87% | 2016[41] | UA | USA |
 Milan | 18% | 10% | 41% | 29% | 2014[42] | Italy | |
 Minsk | 13% | 1% | 63% | 20% | 2016[43] | Belarus | |
| Montreal | 5% | 2% | 22% | 70% | 2016[44] | CMA | Canada |
| Mumbai | 27% | 6% | 52% | 15% | 2008/2011[12] | India | |
| Munich | 33% | 21% | 22% | 24% | 2023[45] | Germany | |
 Nagoya | 15% | 13% | 30% | 43% | 2011[46] | Japan | |
| New York City | 30.7% | 1.1% | 32.1% | 30.2% | 2019[47] | UA | USA |
| Osaka | 7% | 19% | 61% | 13% | 2010[48] | Japan | |
| Ottawa |
8% | 2% | 18% | 72% | 2016[49] | CMA | Canada |
 Paris | 40% | 2% | 22% | 34% | 2020[50] | Parisiens | France |
| Perth | 3% | 1% | 12% | 84% | 2016[14] | GCCSA | Australia |
| Philadelphia | 4% | 1% | 10% | 80% | 2016[51] | UA | USA |
| Phoenix | 2% | 1% | 2% | 87% | 2016[52] | UA | USA |
| Portland | 3% | 3% | 7% | 78% | 2016[53] | UA | USA |
 Prague | 35% | 1% | 37% | 25% | 2021[54] | Czech Republic | |
 Rio de Janeiro | 29% | 3% | 43% | 25% | 2012[55] | UA | Brazil |
| Rome | 4% | 1% | 29% | 66% | 2014[56] | Italy | |
| San Antonio | 2% | 0% | 3% | 90% | 2016[57] | UA | USA |
| San Diego | 3% | 1% | 3% | 85% | 2016[58] | UA | USA |
| San Francisco | 5% | 2% | 20% | 64% | 2016[59] | UA | USA |
| San Jose | 2% | 2% | 5% | 84% | 2016[60] | UA | USA |
 Santiago | 34.5% | 4% | 29.6% | 25.7% | 2012[61] | UA | Chile |
| São Paulo | 32% | 1% | 36% | 31% | 2017[62] | UA | Brazil |
| Seattle | 4% | 1% | 10% | 77% | 2016[63] | UA | USA |
| Seoul |
N/A | 4% | 66% | 23% | 2014[64] | South Korea | |
| Shanghai | 27% | 20% | 33% | 20% | 2009/2011[12] | China | |
 Singapore | 22% | 1% | 44% | 33% | 2011[12] | Singapore | |
 Sofia |
N/A | N/A | 73%[a] | 27% | 2010[65] | Bulgaria | |
 Stockholm | 14% | 7% | 47% | 32% | 2011[66] | Sweden | |
| Sydney | 5% | 1% | 27% | 65% | 2020[67] | Deloitte | Australia |
 Taipei | 13% | 4% | 43% | 40% | 2016[68] | Taiwan | |
 Tel Aviv | 8.2% | 4.3% | 17.7% | 62.5% | 2022[69] | Israel | |
| Tokyo | 23% | 14% | 51% | 12% | 2008/2009[12] | Japan | |
| Toronto | 5% | 1% | 16% | 76% | 2021[70] | CMA | Canada |
| Vancouver | 6% | 2% | 15% | 75% | 2021[71] | CMA | Canada |
 Vienna | 30% | 11% | 34% | 25% | 2024[72] | Austria | |
 Warsaw | 18% | 3% | 47% | 32% | 2015[73] | Poland | |
| Washington, D.C. | 3% | 1% | 6% | 56% | 2022[74] | UA | USA |
Metropolitan areas with over 250,000 inhabitants
edit| Metro area | walking | cycling | public transport | private motor vehicle | year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Aarhus | 7% | 27% | 19% | 43% | 2004 |
| Alicante | 18% | 0% | 13% | 69% | 2004 |
 Amsterdam | 5% | 30% | 19% | 42% | 2020[75] |
| Bari | 13% | 1% | 14% | 72% | 2001 |
 Basel | 33% | 17% | 27% | 22% | 2015[76] |
| Bern | 30% | 15% | 32% | 22% | 2015[76] |
| Bilbao | 68.1% | 0.9% | 19.6% | 11.1% | 2021[77] |
| Birmingham | 1% | 1% | 25% | 66% | 2001 |
| Bologna | 8% | 4% | 21% | 67% | 2001 |
| Bonn | 28% | 15% | 17% | 41% | 2017[78] |
 Bratislava | 26.7% | 1.6% | 32.6% | 37.7% | 2014[79] |
| Brno | 5% | 2% | 57% | 32% | 2012[80] |
| Buffalo | 6% | 1% | 14% | 79% | 2012 |
| Bremen | 25% | 25% | 15% | 36% | 2018 |
| Bristol | 19% | 8% | 12% | 55% | 2011[81] |
| Canberra | 5% | 3% | 8% | 85% | 2016[14] |
| Christchurch | 4% | 6% | 5% | 84% | 2018[8] |
| Copenhagen | 30% | 26% | 18% | 26% | 2021[82] |
| Córdoba | 18% | 1% | 10% | 71% | 2004 |
| Dortmund | 19% | 10% | 22% | 49% | 2019 |
| Dresden | 26% | 18% | 20% | 36% | 2018 |
| Dublin | 13.2% | 7.6% | 21.5% | 48.5% | 2016[83] |
| Düsseldorf | 34% | 13% | 18% | 35% | 2017[84] |
| Edinburgh | 19% | 7% | 30% | 42% | 2009–2010[85] |
| Eindhoven | 3% | 24% | 8% | 65% | 2004 |
| Essen | 19% | 7% | 19% | 55% | 2019 |
| Florence | 8% | 4% | 21% | 69% | 2001 |
| Frankfurt | 11% | 15% | 30% | 44% | 2015 |
| Freiburg im Breisgau | 29% | 34% | 16% | 21% | 2017 |
| Gent | 15.6% | 33.8% | 11.2% | 39% | 2021[86] |
| Gdańsk | 20.8% | 5.9% | 32.1% | 41.2% | 2016[87] |
| Gijón | 24% | 0% | 17% | 59% | 2004 |
| Gothenburg | 12% | 14% | 21% | 52% | 2004 |
| Graz | 19% | 19% | 20% | 42% | 2018[88] |
| The Hague | 5% | 22% | 30% | 43% | 2004 |
| Halifax | 8% | 1% | 12% | 78% | 2016[89] |
| Hamilton | 4% | 1% | 10% | 84% | 2016[90] |
| Hanover | 26% | 19% | 19% | 36% | 2017 |
| Kraków | 28.4% | 1.2% | 36.3% | 33.7% | 2013 |
| Las Palmas | 15% | 0.42% | 13% | 68% | 2011[91] |
 Lisbon | 15.6% | 2.5% | 30.8% | 50.2% | 2020[92] |
| Málaga | 12% | 0% | 11% | 77% | 2004 |
| Malmö | 14% | 26% | 25% | 34% | 2018[93] |
| Murcia | 18% | 1% | 7% | 74% | 2004 |
| Naples | 13% | 0% | 26% | 60% | 2001 |
| Nuremberg | 30% | 15% | 23% | 32% | 2023[94] |
 Oslo | 32% | 6% | 31% | 29% | 2022[95] |
| Palermo | 12% | 1% | 9% | 78% | 2001 |
| Pamplona | 42% | 2% | 13% | 41% | 2013[96] |
| Poznań | 20.6% | 8.4% | 33.7% | 37.3% | 2019 |
| Quebec City | 2% | 6% | 11% | 80% | 2016[97] |
| Rotterdam | 5% | 14% | 25% | 56% | 2004 |
| Seville | 13% | 7% | 18% | 62% | 2014 |
| Stuttgart | 29% | 8% | 23% | 40% | 2017[98] |
 Tallinn | 14% | 2% | 34% | 49% | 2020[99] |
| Tampere | 10% | 10% | 14% | 66% | 2021[100] |
| Turin | 12% | 3% | 5% | 79% | 2004 |
| Utrecht | 25.3% | 48.4% | 5.4% | 18.7% | 2018[101] |
| Valencia | 16% | 1% | 21% | 62% | 2004 |
| Valladolid | 22% | 1% | 20% | 57% | 2004 |
| Vigo | 19% | 0% | 13% | 68% | 2004 |
 Vilnius | 36% | 0% | 26% | 38% | 2011[102] |
| Vitoria-Gasteiz | 45.6% | 8.0% | 9.5% | 35.5% | 2021[103] |
| Wellington | 21% | 4% | 23% | 49% | 2018[8] |
| Victoria (CMA) |
10% | 7% | 11% | 70% | 2016 |
| Winnipeg | 5% | 2% | 14% | 79% | 2016[104] |
| Wrocław | 24.2% | 6.3% | 27.6% | 41.4% | 2018 |
| Zaragoza | 45.91% | 2.90% | 23.71% | 26.88% | 2017[105] |
| Zürich | 33% | 12% | 32% | 21% | 2015[76] |
| Mean ± SD | 13±8% | 8±9% | 24±13% | 55±17% |
Notes: European data is based on the Urban Audit[106]
Modal share targets
editThe Charter of Brussels, signed by 36 cities including Brussels, Ghent, Milan, Munich, Seville, Edinburgh, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Gdansk, and Timișoara, commits the signatories to achieve at least 15% of bicycling modal share by 2020, and calls upon European institutions to do likewise.[107] The cycling modal share is strongly associated with the size of local cycling infrastructure.[108]
The Canadian city of Hamilton adopted a similar modal share target plan in 2005.[109]
Modal share in the developing world
editThe modal share differs considerably depending on each city in the developing world.[110][111][112]
According to UNECE, the global on-road vehicle fleet is to double by 2050 (from 1,2 billion to 2,5 billion,[113] see introduction), with most future car purchases taking place in developing countries. Some experts even mention that the number of vehicles in developing countries will increase by 4 or 5-fold by 2050 (compared to current car use levels), and that the majority of these will be second-hand.[14][114]
Legislation impacting the modal share
editLegislation can discourage car ownership through, for example, taxation and conditions on new car purchases). This could help in achieving a modal shift.[115]
See also
edit- Air travel demand reduction
- Car ownership
- Circulation plan
- Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
- Intermodal passenger transport
- Mobility transition
- Mode choice (the decisions that determine Modal share, especially in traffic analysis and forecasting)
- Mode of transport
- Motonormativity
- Rail usage statistics by country
- Road reallocation
- Environmental aspects of the electric car
- Smart mobility
Notes
edit- ↑ Result achieved using the percentage of commuters using PT (63%) plus Taxi (3%) and additionally marshrutkas (7%).
External links
edit- Epomm – Modal share data for more than 300 Cities with more or less than 100,000 inhabitants, mostly in Europe Archived 2014-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
- – Modal share data and trends over the past 20 years for Australian cities (unpublished paper by David Ashley)
References
edit- ↑ Glossary (Engineering Services – Transportation, City of Vancouver website. Accessed 2009-06-04.) Archived June 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Page cannot be found - Ramblers". www.ramblers.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
- ↑ "Singapore Land and Transport Authority: Journeys, issue 7, November 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
- ↑ "Trends in journey to work mode shares in Australian cities to 2016 (second edition)". Charting Transport. 2017-10-24. Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
- ↑ "Census profile: Atlanta, GA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Deloitte City Mobility Index: Mexico City" (PDF). Deloitte Insights.
- ↑ "TEMS - the EPOMM Modal Split Tool". Archived from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
- 1 2 3 "Main means of travel to work by age group and sex, for the employed census usually resident population count aged 15 years and over, 2018 Census". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- ↑ "Census profile: Austin, TX Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
- ↑ "Census profile: Baltimore, MD Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Pla de Mobilitat Urbana 2024" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-07-04.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "From Transmilenio to Cycle Networks Lessons Learned from Bogotá's Comprehensive Urban Mobility Planning" (PDF). mobilize.itdp.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2025. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
- ↑ ""Mobilität in Städten – System repräsentativer Verkehrsbefragungen (SRV) 2023" – Mobilitätsdaten für Berlin auch bezirksweise - Berlin.de". 4 June 2025.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Charting Transport Archived 2017-10-26 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 27 October 2017
- ↑ "Brusselaar fietst meer en rijdt minder met de auto". 23 May 2023.
- ↑ "Census profile: Boston, MA--NH--RI Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "IMAGE: Bucharest estimated modal share 2015. Source: Bucharest SUMP" – via ResearchGate.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2022-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ U.S. Census Bureau. "Commuting Characteristics by Sex". American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S0801. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2026-02-03.
- ↑ Klein, Benjamin. "Mobilität in Köln" (PDF). mobilitaet-in-deutschland.de. City of Cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-12. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
- ↑ "Census profile: Dallas--Fort Worth--Arlington, TX Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ [KOTI, "2013 National Transportation DB Report" 2013], retrieved 2013-12-31
- ↑ "Census profile: Detroit, MI Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Census profile: Denver--Aurora, CO Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
- ↑ "Dhaka Urban Transport Network Development Study" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. March 2010. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
- ↑ "Deloitte City Mobility Index 2020" (PDF). Deloitte Insights. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2022-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Green Mobility and Carbon Emissions in Chinese Cities" (PDF).
- ↑ "Guangzhou Transport Development Annual Report 2021" (PDF).
- ↑ "68 Prozent aller Wege wurden 2022 im Umweltverbund absolviert".
- ↑ "Page 18: Kulkutapojen käyttö matkan tarkoituksen mukaan vuositasolla" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-04-05.
- ↑ "Transport Department - Travel Characteristics Survey 2011 - Final Report *Free copy can only be downloaded from this website". www.td.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
- ↑ "Census profile: Houston, TX Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Census profile: Indianapolis, IN Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Badan Pusat Statistik". www.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ↑ BERNAMA (2021-10-11). "- Kuala Lumpur As Enhanced Liveability Model City". BERNAMA. Retrieved 2025-02-03.
- ↑ "Census profile: Las Vegas--Henderson, NV Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Transport Statistics Great Britain 2020" (PDF). London: Department for Transport – via GOV.uk.
- ↑ "Census profile: Los Angeles--Long Beach--Anaheim, CA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Encuesta de movilidad de la Comunidad de Madrid 2018 - Documento de síntesis" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
- ↑ "Census profile: Miami, FL Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Piano Urbano per la Mobilità Sostenibile (PUMS) della Città metropolitana di Milano" (PDF). cittametropolitana.mi.it. Città metropolitana di Milano. p. 150. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ↑ "Опрос: минчане добираются до работы или учебы примерно за полчаса". TUT.BY. Archived from the original on 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Montréal [Census metropolitan area], Quebec and Quebec [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Mobilitätssteckbrief für München" (PDF). München Unterwegs. 2025.
- ↑ 代表交通手段割合｜名古屋市の交通の現状｜交通まちづくり (in Japanese). City of Nagoya. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ↑ "Mobility Report" (PDF). NYC Department of Transportation. 2019.
- ↑ "大阪市における人の動き：平成 22 年 第５回近畿圏パーソントリップ調査集計結果から" (PDF). 第5回パーソントリップ調査. Osaka City Hall. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Ottawa – Gatineau [Census metropolitan area], Ontario/Quebec and Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Diagnostic du Plan Local de Mobilité" (PDF). p. 11. Retrieved 2025-03-24.
- ↑ "Census profile: Philadelphia, PA--NJ--DE--MD Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Census profile: Phoenix--Mesa, AZ Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Census profile: Portland, OR--WA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ Ročenka dopravy 2021 (PDF) (in Czech). Prague: Technická správa komunikací hl. m. Prahy, a.s. 2022. p. 19.
- ↑ "Page 41 in Monografia UFRJ 2015" (PDF). João Victor Costa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
- ↑ FGM-AMOR. "ENDURANCE :: Countries/Cities". www.epomm.eu. Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
- ↑ "Census profile: San Antonio, TX Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Census profile: San Diego, CA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Census profile: San Francisco--Oakland, CA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Census profile: San Jose, CA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Encuestas de Movilidad SECTRA". Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ↑ "Page 39 in Pesquisa OD 2017". Metrô. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-06. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
- ↑ "Census profile: Seattle, WA Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ↑ "Public Transport in Seoul Metropolitan – K-Developedia" (PDF). K Developedia. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ↑ "The World Bank | Fare Collection Systems - Sofia, Bulgaria". www.ssatp.org. Archived from the original on 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
- ↑ Koglin, Till (January 2018). "Urban Velomobility and the Spatial Problems of Cycling". Experiencing Networked Urban Mobilities. Routledge. pp. 112–118. doi:10.4324/9781315200255-20. ISBN 978-1-315-20025-5.
- ↑ "Deloitte City Mobility Index 2020" (PDF). Deloitte. 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2024.
- ↑ Taipei City Hall. "市政統計週報". Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ↑ "Census Data 2022". 2022.
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2022-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2023-03-29). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Archivmeldung: Modal Split 2024: Weitere Zunahme bei Öffis und Radfahren, Zu-Fuß-Gehen nach wie vor auf Rekordniveau". Stadt Wien. 16 March 2025. Retrieved 2025-11-05., (German) retrieved2025-11-05
- ↑ Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Machine, (Polish) retrieved 2016-01-20
- ↑ "Census profile: Washington, DC--VA--MD Urbanized Area". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on 2024-01-27. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ↑ "Amsterdam Global City Mobility Index 2020" (PDF).
- 1 2 3 "Städtevergleich Mobilität Vergleichende Betrachtung der Städte Basel, Bern, Luzern, St.Gallen, Winterthur und Zürich im Jahr 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ↑ Estudio de la Movilidad en la CAPV de 2021
- ↑ "Aktuelle Ergebnisse zur Alltagsmobilität" (PDF). agfs-nrw.de. 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
- ↑ "Územný generel dopravy hl. mesta SR Bratislavy" (PDF). bratislava.sk (in Slovak). Centrum dopravního výzkumu, v.v.i. 2015-12-18.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Copenhagen Mobility" (PDF).
- ↑ "How We Travelled - CSO - Central Statistics Office". Archived from the original on 2019-11-15. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
- ↑ "Aktuelle Ergebnisse zur Alltagsmobilität" (PDF). agfs-nrw.de. 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Verplaatsingsgedrag van de Gentenaar in 2021 2021". Archived from the original on 2019-12-25. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ↑ "Gdańskie Badania Ruchu 2016". Archived from the original on 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
- ↑ "Verkehrsmittelaufteilung - Modal Split". Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
- ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Halifax [Census metropolitan area], Nova Scotia and Nova Scotia [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ↑ "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Hamilton [Census metropolitan area], Ontario and Ontario [Province]". Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
- ↑ "Asistencia técnica para la elaboración de una estrategia de movilidad sostenible en el municipio de las palmas de gran canaria programa de actuaciones" (PDF). www.laspalmasgc.es. p. 142. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2023.
- ↑ "Observatórios Lisboa".
- ↑ "Travel Habits of Residents". www.malmo.se. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021.
- ↑ "Mobilitätsfakten".
- ↑ "Overview of the current situation in Oslo" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
- ↑ https://participartepmus.es/sites/default/files/diagnostico.pdf.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Québec [Census metropolitan area], Quebec and Quebec [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ↑ "Motorisierter Individualverkehr (MIV)".
- ↑ "Statistical Yearbook Of 2021". Tallinn City Government.
- ↑ "Henkilöliikennetutkimus 2021: Tampereen kaupunkiseutu" (PDF). Traficom.
- ↑ CBS. "Verplaatsingen in de gemeente Utrecht naar vervoerwijze, 2018" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
- ↑ Naujų transporto rūšių diegimo Vilniaus mieste specialusis planas Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 2013-07-03
- ↑ Estudio de la Movilidad en la CAPV de 2021
- ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Winnipeg [Census metropolitan area], Manitoba and Manitoba [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Revisión del plan de movilidad urbana sostenible Zaragoza" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ↑ Urban Audit Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 2009-10-03
- ↑ Charter of Brussels Archived 2009-07-31 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 2009-10-03
- ↑ Mueller, N (2018). "Health impact assessment of cycling network expansions in European cities" (PDF). Preventive Medicine. 109: 62–70. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.011. hdl:10230/42143. PMID 29330030. S2CID 3774985.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Figure 9.9 | Passenger transport modal shares of several cities in..." ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
- ↑ "Energy End Use Transport report".
- ↑ "How do people move around?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
- ↑ "Used vehicle background overview" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
- ↑ "Regulation for 2nd hand vehicles" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
- ↑ "Green light for sustainable mobility". Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved 2020-09-12.