Yine language

Yine
Yine
Piro
yinerɨ tokanɨ
Pronunciation	[yine-lɨ tokanɨ]
Native to	Peru
Ethnicity	Yine people, Manchineri
Native speakers	4,000 (2010)
Language family	Arawakan Southern Piro Yine; ; ;
Dialects	Yine; Machinere; Canamaré †;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pib
Glottolog	yine1238
ELP	Piro; Maxineri;

Yine (Yine: yinerɨ tokanɨ 'Yine people's language'^[1]) is a Maipurean language spoken in Peru by about 4,000 people.^[1]

Names

Yine is also called Chontaquiro, Pira, Piro, Pirro, Simiranch, or Simirinche. The name Mashco, a derogatory name for the linguistically unrelated Harakmbut, has sometimes been incorrectly applied to the Yine and other similar groups, such as the Mashco Piro.^[2] The name Piro is apparently derived from a Panoan-language name for a species of Megalodoras catfish.^[1]

Classification

The Manchineri who live in Brazil (Acre) and reportedly also in Bolivia speak Machinere, which may be a dialect of Yine,^[3]^[4] though the Yine are reported to require a month of practice before they can communicate with the Machinere.^[5] A vocabulary of a language labeled Canamaré is "so close to Piro [Yine] as to count as Piro", but has been a cause of confusion with the unrelated Kanamarí language.^[6] Yine belongs to the Piro group which also includes the nearly extinct Iñapari and Apurinã.^[3]

Varieties

Varieties of Piro (Yine):^[7]^: 244

Chontaquiro (Simirinche, Upatarinavo): Ucayali River
Manchineri (Manatinavo): Purus River
Kushichineri (Kuxiti-neri, Kujigeneri, Cusitinavo): upper Purus River in Peru (in 1886, spoken on the Curumahá River or Curanja River, and probably also on the Cujar River)
Kuniba (Kunibo): Juruá River
Katukina: Juruá River. Documented by Natterer (1833). Not to be confused with the unrelated Katukina language.
Canamare (Canamirim, Canamary): Iaco River, a tributary of the Purus River. Documented by Spix (1819). Not to be confused with the unrelated Kanamarí language.
Mashco-Piro: Madre de Dios River

Demographics

As of 2000, essentially all of the 4,000 ethnic Yine people speak the language.^[8]

Geographical distribution

They live in the Ucayali and Cusco Departments, near the Ucayali River, and near the Madre de Dios River in the Madre de Dios Region in Peru.^[8]

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː	ɨ ɨː
Mid	e eː		o oː
Open		a aː

Vowels are phonetically nasalized after /m, n, h̃/.^[1]

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n				h̃
Plosive	p	t		c~c͡ç	k
Affricate		t͡s	t͡ʃ
Fricative		s	ʃ	ç
Flap		ɾ
Approximant	w	l		j

/h̃/ is phonetically nasalized. /w/ becomes a bilabial approximant [β̞] before a close vowel. /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k/. /ɾ/ can be trilled [r] when in word-initial position.^[9] The palatal stop varies in articulation between a stop and an affricate.^[1]

Writing system

Literacy is comparatively high. A dictionary has been published in the language and the language is taught alongside Spanish in some Yine schools.^[8]

Syntax

Piro has an active–stative syntax.^[10]

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 Hanson, Rebecca (2010). A Grammar of Yine (Piro) (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/536008.
↑ Gray, Andrew (1997). Indigenous rights and development: self-determination in an Amazonian community. Berghahn Books. p. 140–. ISBN 978-1-57181-837-9. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
1 2 Moseley, Christopher; Asher, R. E.; Tait, Mary (1994), Atlas of the world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5
↑ Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.
↑ Matteson, Esther (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) Language. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 42. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
↑ Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1–s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0. ISSN 1535-0665.
↑ Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978652510234.4. ISBN 978-65-251-0234-4. S2CID 243563290.^{[permanent dead link]}
1 2 3 Yine at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Urquía Sebastián, Rittma; Marlett, Stephen A. (2008). "Yine". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (3): 365–369. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003356.
↑ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.

References

Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Matteson, Esther. (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) language. University of California Publications in Linguistics, 42. Berkeley y Los Angeles: University of California Press. (Es la tesis para doctorado presentada en 1963 a la University of California, Los Angeles.)
Nies, Joyce, compilador. (1986). Diccionario piro (Tokanchi gikshijikowaka-steno). Serie Lingüística Peruana, 22. Yarinacocha: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Parker, Stephen. (1989). "Un análisis métrico del acento en el piro". Estudios etno-lingüísticos, Stephen Parker (ed.), pp. 114–125. Documento de trabajo 21. Yarinacocha, Pucallpa: Ministerio de Educación e Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
Solís Fonseca, Gustavo. (2003). Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Lima: edición por demanda.
Urquía Sebastián, Rittma (2006). "La situación sociolingüística de la lengua yine en 2006". In Stephen A. Marlett (ed.). Situaciones sociolingüísticas de lenguas amerindias, (PDF). Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma.
Urquía Sebastián, Rittma. (2006). Yine. Ilustraciones fonéticas de lenguas amerindias, ed. Stephen A. Marlett. Lima: SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma.
Urquía Sebastián, Rittma and Wagner Urquía Sebastián. (2009). Diccionario yine–castellano

[:0-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hanson, Rebecca (2010). A Grammar of Yine (Piro) (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/536008.

[Gray1997-2] Gray, Andrew (1997). Indigenous rights and development: self-determination in an Amazonian community. Berghahn Books. p. 140–. ISBN 978-1-57181-837-9. Retrieved 2 February 2012.

[:1-3] 1 2 Moseley, Christopher; Asher, R. E.; Tait, Mary (1994), Atlas of the world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5

[4] Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.

[5] Matteson, Esther (1965). The Piro (Arawakan) Language. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 42. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

[6] Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1–s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0. ISSN 1535-0665.

[Ramirez-2020-3-7] Ramirez, Henri (2020). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Curitiba: Editora CRV. doi:10.24824/978652510234.4. ISBN 978-65-251-0234-4. S2CID 243563290.^{[permanent dead link]}

[e18-8] 1 2 3 Yine at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[9] Urquía Sebastián, Rittma; Marlett, Stephen A. (2008). "Yine". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (3): 365–369. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003356.

[10] Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.

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