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List of military engagements of the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)

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The Middle East is experiencing an ongoing series of interrelated wars, conflicts, and heightened instability as a result of the Gaza war and genocide. These have primarily consisted of conflicts between Israel and Iran-backed militias that form the "Axis of Resistance", including Hamas in the Gaza Strip,[a] Hezbollah in Lebanon, and the Houthis in Yemen; Iran itself has also been involved. Allies of Israel, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, have also intervened militarily in various theaters. The crisis has involved all Middle Eastern countries, significantly affecting the region as a whole. Major conflict zones include the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, southern Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, and the Red Sea, as well as the conflict zones of the Iran–Israel conflict.

This article lists all military engagements of the crisis, which includes battles, military operations, and incidents of combat. Belligerents are not included due to the large-scale intensity and spillover of the conflict.

List of engagements

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Conflict Event Engagements Details
Gaza war
(2023–present)		 Battles and attacks:
Massacres:
Blockade:
Battles and incursions:
Bombings:
Clashes in West Bank:
Clashes near Jordan:
Clashes in Israel:
Hamas–Popular Forces conflict:
Conflict with other groups:
2024 Egyptian skirmishes in Rafah[d]
Hezbollah–Israel conflict (2023–present) Battles:
Non-battle combat:
Battles:
Non-battle combat:
Attacks:-
Operations:-
Conflicts in Syria
3 January 2024 attacks in Kerman
Iranian retaliation
2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign
Iran–Israel conflict 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
Twelve-Day War
2026 Iran war

Protests

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See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "Flexible Resistance: How Hezbollah and Hamas Are Mending Ties". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
  2. ↑ "What links Hamas to the 'Axis of Resistance' and Iran as its patron?". The Irish Times. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
  3. ↑ From the United Nations:
  4. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (May 22, 2025). "IDF rushed to Kibbutz Kissufim as Hamas invaded, but some attackers stayed for days". The Times of Israel. Retrieved May 22, 2025.
  5. ↑
    • Byman, Daniel; Duff, Delaney (2023-12-18). "What Has Hamas Accomplished?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2025-01-05. On Oct. 7, Hamas militants surprised Israel and slaughtered 1,200 people while taking more than 200 as prisoners. It was an impressive tactical success for the group.
    • Sachs, Natan (2023-10-07). "This Will Be a Pyrrhic Victory for Hamas". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2025-01-05. But this Hamas victory might prove Pyrrhic. In fact, Hamas itself might have been surprised by the extent of its initial success. The trauma in Israel today should give pause to those thinking that Israel will simply acquiesce to a short tit for tat.
    • Gat, Azar (2024). Strategic Surprise—Always? (Report). Institute for National Security Studies. Hamas's successful surprise attack on October 7, 2023, exactly 50 years after October 6, 1973, in the Yom Kippur War, has once again raised the question, in all seriousness, of why and how strategic surprises occur.
    • Wirtz, James J. "Michael Handel, October 7, and The Theory of Surprise". Military Strategy Magazine. Vol. 9, no. 3. pp. 4–10. Retrieved 2025-03-21. ... the Israeli government and scholarly community are more than capable of identifying the errors of omission and commission that contributed to the operational and tactical success enjoyed by Hamas during the October 7 raid that killed about 1200 Israeli civilians and soldiers and enabled the taking of over 250 hostages.
    • Morel, Thomas (2024-10-06). "The October 7 Attack: An Assessment of the Intelligence Failings". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Retrieved 2025-03-21. Second, the Hamas attack on October 7 once again demonstrated how a determined non-state armed group can successfully confront a much stronger adversary, precisely because it is—and rightly so, according to objective criteria—considered to be an order of magnitude weaker.
    • Isaacson, Gila (2025-02-27). "How Hamas outmaneuvered Israel: A detailed analysis of the October 7 def". JFeed. Retrieved 2025-03-21. On October 7, 2023, Hamas executed a devastating surprise attack that overwhelmed Israel's defenses, killed over 1,200 people, abducted 251, and shattered the nation's security assumptions in mere hours. This defeat—described by the Israeli military as a collapse of the Gaza Division—was not simply a tactical triumph but a strategic masterstroke enabled by profound Israeli intelligence and operational failures. A recent IDF investigation lays bare the systemic weaknesses that Hamas exploited.
    • Karaca, Emre (2024-02-14). "What Does Surprise Theory Say about Israeli Intelligence Failure on 7 October?". Politics Today. Retrieved 2025-03-21. The October 7 operation by Hamas ended up in defeat for the Israelis as a result of their misinterpretation of intelligence data.
    • Philpott, Limor Simhony (2023-11-22). "Why Hamas has agreed to a ceasefire deal". The Spectator. Retrieved 2025-03-21. Despite launching a successful surprise attack on 7 October, Hamas's capabilities are no match for the IDF.
    • Brennan, David (2023-10-09). "Is Russia behind Hamas attack on Israel? What we know". Newsweek. Retrieved 2025-03-21. The stunningly successful surprise attack launched by Hamas from the Gaza Strip into southern Israel at the weekend has opened a dark new chapter in the years-long war between the Islamist militant group and its Israeli enemies.
    • Morris, Loveday; Suliman, Adela (July 11, 2024). "Israeli military says it failed to protect Gaza border town on Oct. 7". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024. The Israeli military on Thursday released the results of its first internal probe into the Hamas attacks on Oct. 7, admitting to major failings in the defense of Kibbutz Beeri, a hard-hit town on the Gaza border ... Those questions include why military forces gathered at the gate of the kibbutz for hours without entering, the root causes of the intelligence failure that permitted Hamas's invasion and whether the soldiers who arrived understood that their primary objective was to protect civilians.
  6. ↑ Magid, Pesha; Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Cornwell, Alexander (29 April 2026). "Israeli maps outline expanded zone of military control in Gaza". Reuters. Retrieved 14 May 2026.
  7. ↑ Sawafta, Ali; Chacar, Henriette (2023-10-11). "As Gaza war rages, Israeli forces kill 27 Palestinians in West Bank". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  8. ↑ "Ra'anana: One dead and 12 injured in terror attack near Tel Aviv, Israel's emergency services say". Sky News. 2024-01-15. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18.
  9. ↑ Zitun, Yoav (2025-05-07). "Tanks withdrawn, troops sent back to Gaza: Jenin refugee camp is quiet and terror free". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2025-05-10.
  10. ↑ "Israel says army to stay in evacuated West Bank camps for 'coming year'". France 24. 2025-02-23. Retrieved 2025-05-25.
  11. ↑ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Saul, Jonathan; Cornwell, Alexander (27 June 2025). "Battling to survive, Hamas faces defiant clans and doubts over Iran". Reuters. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
  12. ↑ Halabi, Einav (2025-10-12). "Gaza militia commander tells ynet: 'Hamas is weak — it's only a matter of time until it falls'". Ynet. Retrieved 2025-10-13.
  13. ↑ Macales, Ben Tzion (June 3, 2025). "מפת שליטה עדכנית של כוחות צה"ל ברצועת עזה - 09.06.2025" [Current control map of IDF forces in the Gaza Strip - 09.06.2025.]. X (in Hebrew). Ben Tzion Macales. Retrieved June 9, 2025.
  14. ↑ Yohanan, Nurit (2025-10-14). "Militia commander in northern Gaza: We have taken control of areas, call on Hamas to stay away". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 2025-10-16.
  15. ↑ van der Merwe, Ben; Doak, Sam; Alkhaldi, Celine. "Revealed: The plan for a 'New Gaza' - and the four militias Israel is backing to defeat Hamas". Sky News. Retrieved 2025-10-30.
  16. ↑ van der Merwe, Ben; Doak, Sam (4 October 2025). "Guns, cash and American aid: Investigation reveals Israel's support for Gaza militia". Sky News. Retrieved 3 December 2025.
  17. ↑ "Palestinian factions threaten 'traitor' Abu Shabab over collaboration with Israel". Middle East Eye. 7 July 2025. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
  18. ↑ Madani, Doha; Da Silva, Chantal (2024-05-27). "World leaders condemn Israeli strike after 45 are reported killed in Gaza tent camp". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  19. ↑ "Egypt, Israel: Egyptian and Israeli soldiers exchange fire near Rafah May 27". Crisis24. GardaWorld. 2024-05-27. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  20. ↑ James Mackenzie; Nafisa Eltahir; Jana Choukeir (27 May 2024). "Egyptian guard killed in shooting on Rafah border, Israel and Egypt investigating". Reuters. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  21. ↑ Matthias Inbar (27 May 2024). "Egyptian guard killed in shooting on Rafah border, Israel and Egypt investigating". i24NEWS. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  22. ↑ Nabila El-Gaffary (27 May 2024). "Border clash erupts between Egyptian and Israeli soldiers, injuries and deaths reported". The New Arab. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  23. ↑ Naguib, Shahenda (28 May 2024). "Egyptians mourn soldier killed by Israelis at Rafah border amid official silence". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  24. ↑ Naguib, Shahenda (28 May 2024). "Second Egyptian soldier dies after Rafah border shootout with Israeli forces". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  25. ↑ Bohannon, Molly (30 September 2024). "Israel Begins Ground Raids In Southern Lebanon". Forbes. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  26. ↑
  27. ↑ Dana Polak (6 October 2024). "Al-Abbas Force". Israel Alma.
  28. ↑ "Muslim Brotherhood in Lebanon after Gaza and Hezbollah War". 30 October 2024. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  29. ↑ "Three SSNP members killed in southern Lebanon while 'confronting Israeli forces'". L'Orient Today. 8 December 2024.
  30. ↑ "Iran Update, October 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. 29 October 2024.
  31. ↑ "كتائب الشهيد أبو علي مصطفى تزفّ الشهيد سليمان الأحمد الذي استشهد خلال تصديه للعدوان "الإسرائيلي" على لبنان عند الحدود" [The Martyr Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades mourn the martyr Suleiman Al-Ahmad, who was martyred while confronting the "Israeli" aggression on Lebanon at the border]. Al-Ahed News (in Arabic). 2024-10-26. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  32. ↑ "Iran Update, November 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. 5 November 2024.
  33. ↑ "حزب الله لا يخوض حرب المحور وحيدًا.. الفصائل العراقية هناك و"قدمت شهداء" (تفاصيل)" [Hezbollah is not fighting the axis war alone.. Iraqi factions are there and "offered martyrs" (details)]. %.news (in Arabic). 2024-10-30. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  34. ↑ Deeb, Josephine (5 October 2024). "Not neutral but not fighting: Lebanon's army walks tightrope on Israeli invasion". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  35. ↑ "Lebanon army says returns fire at Israel for first time after soldier killed". Gulf News. 3 October 2024. Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  36. 1 2 "Involvement of the Amal Movement in the Fighting Against Israel Alongside Hezbollah". Alma Research and Education Center. 5 April 2026. Retrieved 9 April 2026.
  37. 1 2 Jawad Al-Tamimi, Aymenn (9 April 2026). "The Amal Movement and the New War in Lebanon: Interview". Middle East Forum. Retrieved 22 April 2026.
  38. 1 2 Younes, Lylla (16 March 2026). "Israel Killed Over a Dozen Lebanese Paramedics in Three Days, Now Claiming That Ambulances Are "Hezbollah" Targets". Drop Site. Retrieved 19 March 2026.
  39. ↑ Seth J. Frantzman (4 March 2026). "Lebanon Islamic Group claims headquarters targeted by IDF strikes". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
  40. ↑ Homsi, uNada. "Lebanese army thrust into Israel's war on Hezbollah as attacks kill soldiers". The National.
  41. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (3 March 2026). "Lebanese army reportedly arrests 12 armed members of Hezbollah". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
  42. ↑ "Lebanon: UN peacekeeping patrol targeted by Israeli tank, IDF blames 'misidentification' | UN News". news.un.org. 16 November 2025.
  43. ↑ "من اعتراض إلى إطلاق نار… إشكال بين حزب الله واليونيفيل" [From an interception to an exchange of fire… a dispute between Hezbollah and UNIFIL]. Lebanon Debate (in Arabic). 30 March 2026. Retrieved 30 March 2026.
  44. ↑ Iwaza, Dayana; Livni, Ephrat (10 March 2026). "Shells Fired From Lebanon Land West of Syrian Capital, Country's Military Says". The New York Times. Beirut, Lebanon. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  45. ↑ "Syria targets smuggling tunnels to Lebanon amid concerns over Hezbollah weapons". The Arab Weekly. 30 March 2026. Retrieved 1 April 2026.
  46. ↑ "Are the Houthis Attacking Ships in the Mediterranean?". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 3 July 2024. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  47. ↑ Jansen, Michael (20 Jul 2025). "Israel's Red Sea port of Eilat halts operations due to Yemeni-Houthi blockade". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  48. ↑ Bertrand, Natasha; Atwood, Kylie (6 May 2025). "Trump says US to stop strikes on Houthis in Yemen". CNN. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  49. ↑ "Yemen's Houthi rebels signal that they've stopped attacks on Israel and Red Sea shipping". NBC News. Associated Press. 2025-11-11. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026. Retrieved 2026-01-25.
  50. ↑ Solomon, Jay (15 January 2024). "Iran's Revolutionary Guard deployed in Yemen". Semafor. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  51. ↑ Landay, Jonathan (8 December 2023). "Biden aide says Iran helps plan, execute attacks by Yemen's Houthis". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  52. 1 2 Nakhoul, Samia; Hafezi, Parisa (20 January 2024). "Exclusive: Iranian and Hezbollah commanders help direct Houthi attacks in Yemen, sources say". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  53. ↑ "خلال 10 أيام.. مقتل 75 حوثيا في الضربات الغربية" [Within 10 days.. 75 Houthis were killed in Western strikes] (in Arabic). Sky News Arabia. 21 January 2024. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  54. ↑ Mallawarachi, Bharatha (9 January 2024). "Sri Lanka to join US-led naval operations against Houthi rebels in Red Sea". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  55. ↑ Brar, Aadil (22 February 2024). "China sends warships to the Middle East". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  56. ↑ "Iraqi armed groups dial down U.S. attacks on request of Iran commander". Reuters. 18 February 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  57. ↑ Katip, Omar. "سورية مقتل مدني في مدينة أريحا في قصف لقوات النظام". Al Araby.
  58. ↑ Baldor, Lolita C.; Copp, Tara (13 November 2023). "US conducts airstrikes against Iran-backed groups in Syria, retaliating for attacks on US troops". AP News. Washington, D.C.: Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  59. ↑ "Iran Update, October 30, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  60. ↑ "U.S. Airstrikes Obliterated Munitions Storage Compound in Syria". 3 February 2024.
  61. ↑ "Blasts at Iraq PMF security agency base south of Baghdad kill 3 members, sources say". Reuters. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  62. ↑ Borger, Julian (14 April 2024). "US and UK forces help shoot down Iranian drones over Jordan, Syria and Iraq". The Guardian.
  63. ↑ "U.S. Targets Iran's Forces and Allies in Syria and Iraq". WSJ.
  64. ↑ "Drone attacking US based in Syria shot down".
  65. ↑ "Flashpoint, Al Tanf". 14 December 2017.
  66. ↑ "Drone attacks on American bases injured two dozen U.S. military personnel". NBC. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  67. ↑ "Drone attack in Syrian base wounds an American allied Syrian rebel".
  68. ↑ "'Deter the Aggression': What is behind the new rebel offensive in northwest Syria?". The New Arab. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  69. 1 2 Adrian Blomfield (18 December 2024). "US 'prepared Syrian rebel group to help topple Bashar al-Assad'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  70. 1 2 3 4 Roggio, Bill (12 December 2024). "Hayat Tahrir al Sham's terror network in Syria". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
  71. ↑ "Amid Russian airstrikes: "Turkistan Islamic Party" attack regime positions in Latakia countryside". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  72. ↑ Taban, Besmillah (15 December 2024). "The Fall of the Syrian Government and the Future of Foreign Jihadists: Supporters and Opponents of Assad". Hasht-e Subh. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
  73. ↑ "TRAC Incident Report: Ajnad Kavkaz and Jaish al-Muhajireen wa al-Ansar/ HTS Claim Responsibility for Attack Near Aleppo, Syria - 28 November 2024". TRAC. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  74. ↑ Christou, William (13 December 2024). "Syrian rebels reveal year-long plot that brought down Assad regime". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2025. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  75. ↑ Burke, Jason (9 December 2024). "Who are the main actors in the fall of the regime in Syria?". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  76. ↑ "غرفة عمليات "معركة الحسم" في السويداء تدعوا عناصر النظام لإلقاء سلاحهم وتوجه تحذيرا أخيرا". شبكة شام (in Arabic). Retrieved 13 August 2025.
  77. ↑ ""بركان الفرات" تتبنى هجوم "حميميم" وتتوعد بالمزيد.. ماذا تعرف عنها؟". arabi21.com (in Arabic). 24 May 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  78. ↑ "Military groups called "Al-Busraya Revolutionaries" control the villages of Al-Shumaytiyah and Al-Kharita west of Deir Ezzor". Liveuamap. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2025.
  79. ↑ "Turkey informed about rebels' plan for major offensive in Syria 6 months ago: report". Turkish Minute. 9 December 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  80. ↑ "Erdogan has interests in Syria's reignited war". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  81. ↑ Matamis, Joaquin (6 December 2024). "What Turkey Hopes to Gain From the HTS Offensive in Syria". Stimson Center. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
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  83. ↑ "Russia's UN envoy accuses Ukraine of aiding militants in Syria". Arab News. 4 December 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2025.
  84. ↑ "Ukraine denies involvement in Syrian rebel counteroffensive". New Voice. Retrieved 13 August 2025.
  85. ↑ "IRGC commander killed by rebels in Aleppo amid clashes". Rudaw. 28 November 2024.
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  87. ↑ "Weeks after the Syrian Observatory published the preparations... "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" attacks the Aleppo countryside in the "Response to Aggression" operation" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  88. ↑ "Coinciding with the Authority's attack on the regime forces' positions in the Aleppo countryside... a squadron of Russian aircraft flies in the "Putin-Erdogan" airspace" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  89. ↑ George, Susannah (4 December 2024). "Iran is sending regional fighters to Syria. Can they save Assad again?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  90. ↑ "Iraqi fighters head to Syria to battle rebels, but Hezbollah said staying out of fight". The Times of Israel. 2 December 2024. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  91. ↑ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman; Gebeily, May (3 December 2024). "Iraqi fighters head to Syria to battle rebels but Lebanon's Hezbollah stays out, sources say". Reuters. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  92. ↑ "متورطة بجرائم حرب لصالح الأسد .. فصائل فلسطينية تجري تغييرات تنظيمية في سوريا". شبكة شام (in Arabic). Retrieved 13 August 2025.
  93. 1 2 "Saudi-UAE tensions rise over Yemen clashes". Financial Times. 11 December 2025. Retrieved 11 December 2025. The STC now claims to be in control across southern Yemen, dealing Riyadh a significant setback and shifting the power dynamics in the south in the UAE's favour. "It's a game-changer," said Ahmed Nagi, a Yemeni analyst at the Crisis Group think-tank. "The key question is to what extent the two countries are able to find common ground and understanding. If not, I'm afraid we are heading to a new crisis in the Gulf."
  94. ↑ Al-Atrush, Samer (12 December 2025). "Yemen will never be united, say separatists backed by the UAE". The Times. Retrieved 12 December 2025. The STC claimed that its forces came under fire from Saudi jets as they consolidated control of Hadramout this week. "We can confirm Saudi Arabia carried out airstrikes against the Southern Armed Forces after they had reached the 23 brigade in Al Abr," an STC official said. Saudi Arabia did not confirm the strike.
  95. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (2025-12-26). "Southern separatists in Yemen report Saudi airstrikes near positions". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-12-26.
  96. 1 2 Fabian, Emanuel (14 April 2024). "More than 100 Iranian drones have been intercepted by US, UK outside Israel, says defense official". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  97. ↑ "France Deploys Navy to Defend Israel". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  98. 1 2 Winer, Stuart (15 April 2024). "Report: Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, provided intelligence on Iran attack". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  99. 1 2 Bradley, Matt (16 April 2024). "An uneasy alliance of Arab states helped defend Israel from Iran. Their resolve may soon be tested". NBC News. Beirut. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  100. ↑ "الدفاعات السورية تستهدف صواريخ إسرائيلية حاولت التصدي للصواريخ الإيرانية المتجهة للجولان" [Syrian defenses targeted Israeli missiles that attempted to confront Iranian missiles heading for the Golan]. Al-Watan (in Arabic). 15 April 2024. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  101. ↑ Lilleholm, Lucas (23 November 2023). "US warship shoots down attack drones over the Red Sea". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  102. 1 2 3 "IRAN UPDATE, APRIL 13, 2024". understandingwar.org. ISW. Retrieved 26 April 2024. Members of Iran's so-called "Axis of Resistance" appear to have conducted attacks targeting Israel simultaneously with Iran's first wave of attacks. Lebanese Hezbollah claimed it fired "dozens" of Katyusha rockets targeting an Israeli missile and artillery base in the Golan Heights at 1800 ET.
  103. ↑ "IDF strikes Hezbollah military complex in Lebanon". The Jerusalem Post. 13 April 2024. ISSN 0792-822X. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  104. ↑ "Live Updates: Israel Reports Light Damage After Iran Launches Large Strike". The New York Times. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  105. ↑ "France says it intercepted drones targeting Israel prior to Iran ceasefire". Reuters. Reuters. 26 June 2025.
  106. ↑ "Iraq Probes Drone Attacks on Military Radar Systems". The Defense Post. 24 June 2025.
  107. 1 2 Knipp, Kersten (21 June 2025). "Are Jordan and Saudi Arabia defending Israel?". Deutsche Welle. Germany: Government of Germany. Archived from the original on 23 June 2025. Jordan shot down Iranian missiles and drones crossing overhead and Saudi Arabia likely allowed Israel to use its airspace to do so...As with any other sovereign state, missiles or other unauthorized objects crossing a country's airspace are often deemed violations of either domestic or international law.
  108. ↑ Ravid, Barak (23 June 2025). "Iran confirms missile attack on U.S. military base in Qatar". Axios. Cox Enterprises. Archived from the original on 23 June 2025. The Foreign Ministry of Qatar issued a statement saying Qatari air defenses 'thwarted the attack and successfully intercepted the Iranian missiles,' with no injuries or deaths reported.
  109. ↑
    • Raine, John (23 July 2025). "How 12 days have changed Iran". International Institute for Strategic Studies. United States President Donald Trump, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the Iranian leadership have all made claims, in their widely different idioms, that they won. But those claims, and Trump's additional assertion that he will bring peace to the Middle East, require qualification. The strategic outcome of the war is likely to prove inconclusive, bringing neither peace nor an end to military action.
    • Strachota, Krzysztof (18 December 2025). "Iran in crisis: the landscape after the Twelve-Day War". www.osw.waw.pl. Retrieved 2026-03-18. The outcome of the war remains inconclusive. There is no doubt that Iran's military capabilities were significantly degraded, its air defence systems crippled and its missile arsenal partially destroyed. Its ability to support regional proxies, including Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Houthis in Yemen, was significantly curtailed.
    • Popalzay, Abdul Wasi; Mir, Musssaib Rasool; Mol, Rajani (December 2025). "From Proxy Warfare to Direct Confrontation: The Evolving Landscape of the Israel–Iran Conflict 2024–2025". Chinese Journal of International Review. 07 (04): 2550017. doi:10.1142/S2630531325500179. ISSN 2630-5313. From a policy and academic perspective, expert assessments remain divided. The IISS labeled the outcome "strategically inconclusive", suggesting the war may inaugurate a new phase of structured hostility, not resolution [...] The International Institute for Strategic Studies underscores the inconclusive nature of the war, with Israeli objectives only partially fulfilled and Iran's nuclear infrastructure retaining limited operational capacity.
    • "The Iran threat will haunt the Gulf for years". IISS. Archived from the original on 13 March 2026. Retrieved 2026-03-18. Instead, and despite all their efforts, Israel attacked Iran two weeks ago, followed by a US strike against Iranian nuclear facilities [...] The Gulf states must now plan for a prolonged period of uncertainty and instability. From their perspective, the war has been inconclusive.
    • Lonsdorf, Kat (2025-06-25). "Trump says early report on damage to Iran's nuclear program was inconclusive". NPR. Retrieved 2026-03-18. President Trump on Wednesday said that a preliminary U.S. intelligence assessment of the damage caused by U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities was inconclusive...
  110. ↑ Holliday, Shelby; Dowell, Andrew (20 March 2026). "Iran Targeted Diego Garcia Base With Ballistic Missiles". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2026-03-21.
  111. ↑ Azhari, Timour; Hafezi, Parisa (12 May 2026). "Exclusive: Saudi Arabia launched covert attacks on Iran as regional war widened, sources say". Reuters. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
  112. 1 2 Schmitt, Eric; Nereim, Vivian (2026-05-14). "Saudi Arabia and U.A.E. Carried Out Secret Attacks in Iran, U.S. Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-05-23.
  113. 1 2 3 Azhari, Timour; Rasheed, Ahmed; Pamuk, Humeyra (2026-05-13). "Exclusive: Saudi warplanes struck militias in Iraq during war, sources say". Reuters. Retrieved 2026-05-22.
  114. 1 2 Holliday, Shelby; Said, Summer (2026-05-11). "The U.A.E. Has Been Secretly Carrying Out Attacks on Iran". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2026-05-23.
  115. ↑ Dagher, Sam; MacDonald, Fiona (12 May 2026). "UAE Is Said to Have Hit Iran Earlier in War as Israel Ties Grow". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 13 May 2026.
  116. ↑ Said, Summer (2026-05-13). "Saudi Arabia, Kuwait Hit Iran-Backed Militias in Iraq". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2026-05-23.
  117. ↑ Naar, Ismaeel (2026-05-12). "Kuwait Accuses Iran of Trying to Infiltrate Its Territory". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-05-23.
  118. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (28 March 2026). "Joining war, Yemen's Houthis launch ballistic missile attack on southern Israel". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  119. ↑ "US embassy in Baghdad attacked as US-Israel war on Iran escalates". Al Jazeera English. 7 March 2026. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
  120. ↑ Toomey, Bridget (1 March 2026). "Iraqi Shiite militias join the war between Israel, the US, and Iran with drone attacks". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 2 March 2026.
  121. ↑ Sancha, Natalia (2026-03-27). "Iraq mourns its dead after worst strike against its army since the start of the war: 'Why did the Americans attack us?'". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 2026-04-14.
  122. ↑ Seth J. Frantzman (March 4, 2026). "Lebanon Islamic Group claims headquarters targeted by IDF strikes". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 4, 2026.
  123. ↑ "Israel strikes Beirut, Hamas official reportedly killed". Al Arabiya English. 2026-03-05. Archived from the original on 2026-03-08. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
  124. ↑ "Palestinian Islamic Jihad armed wing says Lebanon commander killed in Israeli strikes". L'Orient Today. 2 March 2026. Archived from the original on 11 April 2026. Retrieved 2 March 2026.

Notes

edit
  1. ↑ Sometimes included in the "Axis of Resistance".[1][2]
  2. ↑ The last gun battle inside Israel between Israeli security forces and Hamas operatives was October 12.[4]
  3. ↑ No connections to Israel, the Popular Forces, or Fatah.
  4. ↑ A skirmish between Israeli and Egyptian soldiers occurred near the Rafah crossing, resulting in one Egyptian soldier being killed.[18] Both countries accused each other of opening fire first.[19] Reuters however cited Egyptian sources as stating that the Egyptian soldier shot at IDF soldiers who crossed into Egypt while pursuing and killing several Palestinians. The IDF troops fired back, resulting in his death and sparking a clash between two sides which left several IDF soldiers and one Egyptian soldier wounded.[20] i24NEWS quoted IDF sources accusing Egyptian soldiers of firing at the Engineering Corps in Rafah first, resulting in several Egyptian soldiers being wounded while the IDF received no casualties.[21] The New Arab meanwhile reported that seven IDF soldiers were wounded.[22] An Egyptian soldier wounded in the clash later succumbed to his wounds, although the state-affiliated Al Qahera News cited a security source as denying it.[23][24]
  5. ↑ The IDF announced the start of the operation at 2:00 AM local time, following earlier reports of Israeli incursions, which had been denied by the IDF.[25]
  6. ↑ The Lebanese government stated they will stay out of the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel, but would respond to Israeli attacks on their positions.[34]
  7. ↑ Although UNIFIL is a peacekeeping force and is not actively engaged in hostilities, its positions have been targeted and its peacekeepers have suffered casualties.
  8. ↑ The Amal Movement has played an active role in hostilities.[36][37] Paramedics belonging to the Amal Movement's Islamic Risala Scout Association have been targeted in Israeli airstrikes.[38]
  9. ↑ Lebanese soldiers have been killed in Israeli drone attacks.[40] The Lebanese army arrested armed Hezbollah members.[41]
  10. ↑ UNIFIL peacekeepers have been attacked by the IDF,[42] and have engaged in a clash with Hezbollah.[43]
  11. ↑ Syria declared its support for the disarmament of Hezbollah following the outbreak of the war. In response, Hezbollah struck Syrian army positions near Damascus.[44] Syrian authorities began closing smuggling routes used by Hezbollah along the Lebanese border.[45] For further information, see Syria in the 2026 Iran war.
  12. ↑ The Houthis have claimed several attacks on ships in the Mediterranean, though none have been confirmed.[46]
  13. ↑ Political legitimacy of all Houthi-led government bodies has been rejected by the United Nations, rival Yemeni factions, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the United States.
  14. ↑ Multiple sources indicate that the Iranian government has deployed military personnel to Houthi-controlled Yemen who are actively involved in attacks on commercial shipping.[50][51][52]
  15. ↑ (from 7 October 2023 to 27 November 2024)
  16. ↑ First phase: 1–19 April 2024 (18 days)
    Second phase: 31 July – 26 October 2024 (2 months and 26 days)
  17. ↑ Spillover countries include Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Yemen.
  18. ↑ Indirectly involved[specify] during the first nine days of the war, and became directly involved on the tenth day when it struck Iranian nuclear sites on 22 June (02:10–02:35 IRST).
  19. ↑ The Houthis joined Iran in launching rockets on Israel in retaliation for the 13 June strikes.
  20. ↑ Primarily the Persian Gulf and the Levant, as well as Cyprus (Akrotiri and Dhekelia) and the South Caucasus
  21. ↑ Including Diego Garcia[110]
  22. ↑ According to Reuters, citing Western and Iranian officials, the Saudi Air Force launched numerous unpublicized "tit-for-tat" strikes on Iranian soil in late March 2026, in retaliation for Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabia.[111] The New York Times, citing U.S. officials, corroborated reports of Saudi strikes on Iran.[112] Reuters also reported that the Saudi Air Force struck Iran-backed Iraqi militias near the Iraqi–Saudi border around the time of the 7 April ceasefire.[113]
  23. ↑ According to The Wall Street Journal and Bloomberg, citing "people familiar with the matter",[114][115] and The New York Times, citing current and former U.S. officials,[112] the UAE discreetly carried out retaliatory attacks against Iran, including a strike on an oil refinery at Lavan Island on 8 April.[114]
  24. ↑ According to The Wall Street Journal, Kuwait launched attacks on Iran-backed Iraqi militias from its own territory.[116] Iraqi officials reported at least two rocket attacks from Kuwaiti territory in April; according to Reuters, it was unclear whether they were launched by the Kuwaiti Armed Forces or the U.S. military.[113] On 1 May, Kuwait said its soldiers exchanged fire with six members of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, and arrested four, during an Iranian raid on Bubiyan Island.[117] [113]
  25. ↑ See 2026 alleged Iranian strikes on Azerbaijan.
  26. ↑ See 2026 Iranian strikes on the Kurdistan Region.
  27. 1 2 Lebanon's position in the war is unclear; it has been attacked both by Israel and the Axis of Resistance. For more information see 2026 Lebanon war.
  28. ↑ See Syria in the 2026 Iran war regarding shelling by Hezbollah and drone attacks by groups affiliated with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq.
  29. ↑ See 2026 interceptions of Iranian missiles in Turkey.
  30. ↑ There are disputed accounts on whether the British Indian Ocean Territory was attacked in March 2026; Iran denied attacking the Diego Garcia military base, and no evidence has been presented corroborating such an attack.
  31. ↑ Since 2 March; for further information, see 2026 Lebanon war.
  32. ↑ Since 28 March; for further information, see 2026 Houthi strikes on Israel.[118]
  33. ↑ The Amal Movement has played an active role in hostilities in Lebanon alongside Hezbollah.[36][37] Paramedics belonging to the Amal Movement's Islamic Risala Scout Association have been targeted in Israeli airstrikes.[38]
  34. 1 2 For further information, see 2026 United States–Israeli strikes on Iraq.[119][120]
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