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List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene

(Redirected from List of extinct flora of Australia)

This is a list of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1]

The Australian continent, also called Australia-New Guinea or Sahul
The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) is a large, carnivorous marsupial last seen in 1936.

The Australian continent is also called Australia-New Guinea or Sahul to avoid confusion with the country of Australia. The continent includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, the island of New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and other nearby islands. Australia-New Guinea is divided between three countries: Australia (mainland Australia and Tasmania), Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea), and Indonesia (Western New Guinea and the Aru Islands). Extinct species from the rest of Indonesia are covered in List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. Species from the outlying islands of the country of Australia and the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea are included below. The Solomon Islands archipelago, split between Papua New Guinea (Autonomous Region of Bougainville) and the country of Solomon Islands, is covered in List of Oceanian species extinct in the Holocene.

The fauna of Australia-New Guinea is unique. Marsupials and monotremes also existed on other continents, but only in Australia-New Guinea did they come to dominate. Aside from marine mammals, only two orders of placental mammals are native to Australia-New Guinea: rodents and bats. Dingoes and New Guinea singing dogs are considered feral dogs (Canis familiaris) introduced by humans.[2] The Christmas Island shrew is related to Asian shrews; no members of the order Eulipotyphla are native to Australia-New Guinea proper.

New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene are listed separately. The fauna of New Zealand is distinct from Australia-New Guinea. Birds, including numerous flightless birds, are the most important part of New Zealand's vertebrate fauna. Bats are New Zealand's only native land mammals.[3]

Numerous species have disappeared from Australia-New Guinea as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Most Australian megafauna disappeared in the Late Pleistocene, considerably earlier than in other continental landmasses.[4] As a result, Australian Holocene extinctions generally are of modest size. Most Holocene extinctions occurred after the European settlement of Australia, which began with the First Fleet in 1788 CE.[5][6] However, the thylacine, Tasmanian devil, and Tasmanian nativehen were extirpated from mainland Australia thousands of years before European settlement, although they survived in Tasmania.[7][8][9] The Norfolk swamphen[10] and several New Guinea mammals also disappeared before European colonisation.

In Australia, plants and animals are listed as extinct at the federal level under the auspices of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.[11]

Mammals (class Mammalia)

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Platypus and echidnas (order Monotremata)

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Echidnas (family Tachyglossidae)

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Locally extinct (disputed)
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Western long-beaked echidna Zaglossus bruijnii Western New Guinea, Indonesia and possibly Kimberley, Western Australia This critically endangered species occurs in Western New Guinea, Indonesia.[12] The existence of Zaglossus in mainland Australia during the Late Pleistocene is proven by fossils and cave paintings.[13] A more recent presence in mainland Australia is disputed.

A 2012 study reported the existence of a previously overlooked specimen in the Natural History Museum, London. The label notes it was collected by John T. Tunney from Mount Anderson in Kimberley, Western Australia in 1901. The study argues that the western long-beaked echidna survived as a rare species in Kimberley into the 20th century based on the circumstantial improbability of a collection label misassignment, the uniqueness of ectoparasites found on the specimen, the similarity of some Kimberley forests to known habitat in New Guinea, and the testimony of an Aboriginal elder.[13] A 2017 study disputes this conclusion and argues that the specimen most likely came from New Guinea and was mislabeled.[14] Additional research such as ancient DNA, stable isotopes, and trace elements may shed more light on this specimen, and targeted studies of relevant Kimberley Pleistocene and Holocene subfossil assemblages would be worthwhile.[13]

Carnivorous marsupials (order Dasyuromorphia)

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Dog-like marsupials (family Thylacinidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Thylacine Thylacinus cynocephalus Mainland Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea In Tasmania, the last confirmed wild individual was killed in 1931,[15] and the last in captivity died at Hobart Zoo in 1936.[16] Contrary to the consensus, a 2023 statistical analysis of alleged sightings suggested that thylacines survived in remote Tasmanian wilderness for decades past the 1930s. The peak likelihood for thylacine extinction was from the late 1980s through the early 2000s.[17]

There is extensive evidence for thylacines in mainland Australia from paleontology and rock art.[18] The scientific consensus is that thylacines were extirpated from mainland Australia around 1277-1229 BCE,[7] although the Thylacine Museum records several alleged mainland sightings from the 19th and 20th centuries.[19] Thylacines were also present in New Guinea until 3050 BCE.[20]

The extinction of the thylacine in mainland Australia was likely caused by competition with human hunters and dingos, while in Tasmania it was deliberately exterminated by sheep farmers.[16]

Marsupial shrews (family Dasyuridae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Southern mulgara Dasycercus archeri Nullarbor Plain, Great Victoria Desert, and Swan Coastal Plain Only known from subfossil remains.[21][22]
Dasycercus cristicauda Southern Australia?[23] Formerly considered a subspecies of the crest-tailed mulgara (D. hillieri).[21][22]
Little mulgara Dasycercus marlowi Northern Territory[24] Only known from subfossil remains.[21][22]
Northern mulgara Dasycercus woolleyae Tanami, Simpson, Gibson, and Great Sandy Deserts.
Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Tasmanian devil Sarcophilus harrisii Mainland Australia and Tasmania Most recent subfossil remains in mainland Australia were dated to 1277-1229 BCE. The introduction of the dingo, changes and intensification of human hunting, and warming climate have been speculated as possible reasons.[7] The species survives in Tasmania and was reintroduced to New South Wales in 2020.[25]

Bandicoots and bilbies (order Peramelemorphia)

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Bandicoots (family Peramelidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Desert bandicoot Perameles eremiana Central Australia Last known individual was collected in 1943, with unconfirmed sightings continuing until the 1960s. The extinction was caused by predation by introduced feral cats, red foxes, competition with European rabbits, and changes to the fire regime after the British colonization of Australia.[26]
New South Wales barred bandicoot Perameles fasciata New South Wales[27] Reclassified as a distinct species in a 2018 study.[28] The last individual was collected in 1846.[27]
Southwestern barred bandicoot Perameles myosuros Western Australia[29] Reclassified as a distinct species in a 2018 study.[28] The last individual was collected in 1906.[29]
Southern barred bandicoot Perameles notina South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales[30] Reclassified as a distinct species in a 2018 study.[28] The last individual was collected in 1857.[30]
Nullarbor barred bandicoot Perameles papillon Nullarbor Plain, southern Australia Described in a 2018 study.[28] The last individual was collected in 1928.[31]
Peroryctes aruensis[32] Pulau Kobroor, Aru Islands Most recent remains dated to 9105-8482 BCE.[33]

Bilbies (family Thylacomyidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lesser bilby Macrotis leucura Deserts of Australia Also known as yallara. The last individual was collected in 1931, though a skull of unknown age was retrieved from a wedge-tailed eagle's nest in 1967. The main causes of extinction are believed to be predation by cats and foxes, possibly exacerbated by changes to the fire regime.[34]

Pig-footed bandicoots (family Chaeropodidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Southern pig-footed bandicoot Chaeropus ecaudatus Southern and western Australia[35] The last reliably dated individual was collected in 1901, though Pintupi people recalled it surviving in the Gibson desert until the 1950s. The cause of extinction was predation by feral cats and foxes.[36] The two species were considered one until 2019.[35]
Northern pig-footed bandicoot Chaeropus yirratji Central Australia[35]

Kangaroos, possums, wombats, and allies (order Diprotodontia)

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Kangaroos and wallabies (family Macropodidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Mainland banded hare-wallaby Lagostrophus fasciatus albipilis[37] Western Australia Not considered to be a valid subspecies by some sources.[38]
Lake Mackay hare-wallaby Lagorchestes asomatus Between Mount Farewell and Lake Mackay, Northern Territory; possibly Great Sandy, Gibson, and Tanami Deserts Also known as kuluwarri. The only known specimen was collected in 1932. Western Aboriginal Australians stated that it disappeared between 1940 and 1960. It was possibly driven to extinction by predation by feral cats and foxes, and changes to the fire regime.[39]
South-western rufous hare-wallaby Lagorchestes hirsutus hirsutus South-west of Western Australia[40] The south-western subspecies (L. h. hirsutus) is extinct. Two other subspecies survive: L. h. bernieri and L. h. 'central Australian subspecies'.[40]
Eastern hare-wallaby Lagorchestes leporides Interior southeastern Australia Last specimen was collected in 1889.[41] The species was possibly driven to extinction by habitat loss caused by livestock grazing and increased summer wildfires after the end of native controlled fires in the winter.[42]
Toolache wallaby Notamacropus greyi Southeastern Australia The last confirmed records in the wild happened in 1924. Unconfirmed sightings happened in 1943 and 1950s-1970s, but extensive searching in the 1970s failed to locate any.[43] The last captive animal died in 1939.[44]
Crescent nailtail wallaby Onychogalea lunata Western and central Australia Last recorded individual was killed in 1956.[45] Extinction caused by predation by feral cats and foxes, and human-induced habitat degradation.[46]
Christensen's pademelon Thylogale christenseni New Guinea Most recent remains dated to 1738-1385 BCE.[33]
Thylogale sp.

Bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos (family Potoroidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Desert bettong Bettongia anhydra Tanami Desert and Nullarbor Plain Only known from one specimen collected in the Tanami in 1933 and subfossil material from the Nullarbor. The causes of extinction are presumed to be predation by feral cats and foxes, and changes to the fire regime.[47]
Bettongia haoucharae Nullarbor Plain Only known from subfossil remains.[48]
Bettongia ogilbyi francisca
Bettongia ogilbyi odontoplaica
South-eastern woylie Bettongia penicillata[48] South-eastern Australia[49] Declined due to extensive land clearing and the introduction of feral cats and red foxes.[49]
Nullarbor dwarf bettong Bettongia pusilla Nullarbor Plain, Hampton and Mallee bioregions Known only from subfossil remains but considered to have survived until European settlement.[50]
Desert rat-kangaroo Caloprymnus campestris Channel Country and possibly southeastern Queensland Last confirmed record in 1935 near Ooroowilanie, east of Lake Eyre, though several unconfirmed sightings were recorded in South Australia and Queensland between 1957 and 2011. It is considered to have become extinct due to predation by feral cats and foxes, though habitat degradation by herbivores could have contributed.[51]
Broad-faced potoroo Potorous platyops From the Swan Coastal Plain to the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas, and Kangaroo Island Last recorded in 1875. Presumed to have become extinct due to predation by feral cats, exotic diseases, inappropriate fire regimes, habitat loss and degradation due to grazing livestock.[52]

Rodents (order Rodentia)

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Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
White-footed rabbit rat Conilurus albipes South-eastern South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and eastern Queensland Last recorded 1860-1862 in Victoria, where it was at one time common and even regarded as a pest, though a possible observational record was made near Deniliquin, New South Wales, in the early 1940s. It probably disappeared due to predation by cats, though human-induced habitat degradation could have contributed.[53]
Capricorn rabbit rat Conilurus capricornensis Queensland Known only from subfossil remains but considered to have survived until European settlement. Since there has not been a targeted survey for the Capricorn rabbit rat, there is a thin hope of its survival, although this is unlikely.[54]
Lesser stick-nest rat Leporillus apicalis Arid and semiarid central Australia The last two specimens were collected south of the Musgrave Ranges in 1933, and the last unconfirmed sighting happened in 1970 in a cave along Canning Stock Route. Considered to have become extinct due to predation by feral cats, possibly helped by habitat degradation caused by introduced grazers.[55]
Bramble Cay melomys Melomys rubicola Bramble Cay, Queensland Last recorded in 2009. Disappeared due to increasing storms that depleted the island of vegetation.[56] Its extinction was described as the first extinction of a mammal species due to anthropogenic climate change.[57]
Short-tailed hopping mouse Notomys amplus From north-eastern South Australia and south-eastern Northern Territory to North West Cape The only known specimens came from Charlotte Waters, Northern Territory in 1896. Subfossils indicate that it had a wide distribution in the central and western arid zone. Reasons for extinction are unknown, but could have been predation by feral cats and foxes.[58]
Long-tailed hopping-mouse Notomys longicaudatus From north-western New South Wales to North West Cape Last collected in Barrow Creek, Northern Territory in 1901-1902. Extinction attributed to predation by feral cats.[59]
Big-eared hopping-mouse Notomys macrotis Western central wheatbelt of Western Australia Last collected in 1843 near New Norcia. Considered to have been driven to extinction primarily by epizootic disease or predation by feral cats, with habitat degradation by sheep grazing as secondary factor.[60]
Darling Downs hopping mouse Notomys mordax Darling Downs, Queensland Known from a single skull purchased in 1846. Considered extinct because of predation by feral cats, with habitat destruction by agriculture and livestock farming as possible contributors.[61]
Great hopping mouse Notomys robustus Davenport and Flinders Ranges, South Australia Known only from skulls taken in old owl roosts.[62]
Blue-gray mouse Pseudomys glaucus South-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales Last collected with certainty before 1892. Extinction considered to have been due to habitat clearance, predation by feral cats and possibly red foxes.[63]
Maclear's rat Rattus macleari Christmas Island Last collected in 1901-1902. Became extinct after being infected by trypanosome carried by fleas hosted by black rats, which were accidentally introduced by the SS Hindustan in 1900.[64][65]
Bulldog rat Rattus nativitatis Christmas Island Last recorded in 1897-1898. Became extinct after being infected by trypanosome carried by fleas hosted by black rats introduced in 1900. It was rarer than R. macleari and disappeared first.[65]
New Ireland forest rat Rattus sanila New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Most recent remains dated to 347-535 CE.[33]
Possibly extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Emma's giant rat Uromys emmae Owi Island, Papua, Indonesia Last seen in 1946.[66]
Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Gould's mouse Pseudomys gouldii Arid zones of central, southern, and western Australia Last collected on the mainland in Alice Springs, in 1895. Survived on Bernier Island, from where it was reintroduced to Faure Island, the Montebello Islands, and Lorna Glen in the Matuwa Kurrara Kurrara National Park of Western Australia.[67]

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)

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True shrews (family Soricidae)

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Possibly extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Christmas Island shrew Crocidura trichura Christmas Island Last seen in 1985. The reasons for its decline are unknown.[68]

Bats (order Chiroptera)

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Megabats (family Pteropodidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Percy Island flying fox Pteropus brunneus Percy Islands, Queensland Known from a single specimen collected in 1874, though bats were reported as plentiful in the islands at the end of the 19th century. Possibly disappeared because of habitat loss.[69]
Possibly extinct, megabats (family Pteropodidae)
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Aru flying fox Pteropus aruensis Aru Islands, Indonesia Described in the mid-19th century. No sightings were made in the 20th century, but a jawbone found in a kitchen midden in 1992 probably belongs to this species.[70]

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Christmas Island pipistrelle Pipistrellus murrayi Christmas Island Last recorded in 2009 following a 90% decline in three generations (10–15 years). The reasons are unclear, though predation and competition by introduced species, and exotic diseases have been suggested.[71]
Lord Howe long-eared bat Nyctophilus howensis Lord Howe Island, New South Wales Known from a single skull found in 1972 and believed to be between 50 and 100 years old. The reasons of extinction are unclear but could have been predated on by introduced rats and owls.[72]

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

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Earless seals (family Phocidae)

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Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina Antarctic Most recent remains in mainland Tasmania dated to c. 950 AD; it was hunted by Aboriginal Tasmanians. Survived in King Island until the 19th century, when it was extirpated by Europeans. Survives in Macquarie Island.[73]

Birds (class Aves)

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Cassowaries and emus (order Casuariiformes)

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Cassowaries and emus (family Casuariidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kangaroo Island emu Dromaius novaehollandiae baudinianus Kangaroo Island Last recorded in 1819. One egg found in 1830 could have been laid by an Australian emu introduced in 1826, or a hybrid. It was hunted to extinction.[10]
King Island emu Dromaius novaehollandiae minor King Island, Tasmania Last recorded in the wild in 1805; the last in captivity died in 1822. It was hunted to extinction.[10]
Tasmanian emu Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis Tasmania Last recorded in 1851. Captive animals reported until the 1870s may have been actually imported from Australia. It was hunted to extinction.[10]

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

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Megapodes (family Megapodidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
New Ireland scrubfowl, large Bismarck's megapode Megapodius sp. New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric
Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Dusky megapode Megapodius freycinet From the Maluku Islands to Tonga[10] Remains were found in archaeological assemblages of Nombe, in the New Guinea Highlands, which has been inhabited from 30,000 years ago to today.[74] It lived in Tikopia, Solomon Islands until the Lapita period,[75] and survives in the Indonesian Raja Ampat Islands,[76] northwest of New Guinea, but connected to Sahul during the Last Glacial Period.

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

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Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Macquarie Islands teal Anas cf. chlorotis Macquarie Island, Tasmania Prehistoric

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

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Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lord Howe pigeon Columba vitiensis godmanae Lord Howe Island Hunted to extinction in 1853.[10]
Norfolk pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea Norfolk Island Last recorded in 1900. It was hunted to extinction.[77]
Norfolk ground dove Pampusana norfolkensis Norfolk and possibly Nepean Island Known from a 1788-1790 painting and descriptions. No remains survive, though bones found in the islands may belong to this species.[78]

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

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Rails (family Rallidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
New Ireland rail Hypotaenidia ernstmayri New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Known from fragmentary subfossil remains.[10]
Macquarie Island banded rail Hypotaenidia philippensis macquarensis South Macquarie Island, Tasmania Last recorded in 1879. Driven to extinction by hunting and predation by introduced feral cats, mongooses, pigs, and dogs.[10]
Norfolk Island rail Hypotaenidia sp. Norfolk Island Possibly depicted in a 1788 painting. It was hunted to extinction.[10]
Western Lewin's rail Lewinia pectoralis clelandi Southwestern Australia Last recorded in 1932. Extinct because of drainage and burning of wetlands for agriculture and settlement.[10]
White swamphen Porphyrio albus Lord Howe Island, New South Wales Last recorded with certainty in 1790. It was hunted by whalers and sailors, and was extinct by the time the island was colonized in 1834.[79]
Giant swamphen Porphyrio sp. New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric
New Ireland swamphen Porphyrio sp. New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric
Norfolk swamphen Porphyrio sp. Norfolk Island Known from remains in Polynesian middens. It was extinct by the time of European colonisation in 1788.[10]
Possibly extinct, rails (family Rallidae)
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Bismarck red-necked crake Rallina tricolor convicta New Ireland and New Hannover islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea Last collected in 1944.[10]
Locally extinct, rails (family Rallidae)
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Tasmanian nativehen Tribonyx mortierii Mainland Australia and Tasmania This flightless bird is widespread in Tasmania, having benefited from European-style agriculture.[80] Fossil records indicate that it was found on the Australian mainland until around 4700 years ago. Suggested reasons for its extirpation have included human overhunting, the introduction of the dingo,[8] or an extremely dry period.[9]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

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Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Norfolk snipe Coenocorypha sp. Norfolk Island Prehistoric

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

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Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Mount Pitt petrel Pterodroma sp. Norfolk Island Believed to be a third nesting population of the Providence petrel (P. solandri), which only nests in Lord Howe and Philip Island, a subspecies, or a related species. It was discovered in 1777 and wiped out by hunting between 1788 and 1790.[10]

Boobies, cormorants, and allies (order Suliformes)

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Cormorants and shags (family Phalacrocoracidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Serventys' cormorant Microcarbo serventyorum Bullsbrook, Western Australia Known from a subfossil pelvis and associated proximal femora and caudal vertebrae.[81]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

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Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

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Scientific name Range Comments
Accipiter sp. 1 New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric. One of the two New Ireland species may be the extant Meyer's goshawk.
Accipiter sp. 2 New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric. One of the two New Ireland species may be the extant Meyer's goshawk.

Owls (order Strigiformes)

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True owls (family Strigidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Images
Lord Howe boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria Lord Howe Island, New South Wales Probably disappeared in the 1940s or 1950s due to deforestation, predation by introduced black rats, and predation or competition with southern boobooks, barn owls, and masked owls (all introduced in unsuccessful attempts to control the invasive rat population).[10]
Norfolk boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata Norfolk Island Last individual died in 1996. Declined due to deforestation leading to increased competition for nest-hollows with honeybees and crimson rosellas. Descendants hybridized with the New Zealand subspecies N. n. novaeseelandiae survive in the island.[10]

Barn-owls (family Tytonidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Mussau barn owl Tyto cf. novaehollandiae Mussau Island, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric
Greater New Ireland barn owl Tyto cf. novaehollandiae New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric
Lesser New Ireland barn owl Tyto cf. alba / aurantia New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

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Kea and kākā (family Nestoridae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Norfolk kākā Nestor productus Norfolk Island The last birds in the wild disappeared during the second colony period between 1825 and 1854, probably early on as they were not recorded by Ensign between 1838 and 1839.[82] The last in captivity died in London in 1851. Disappeared because of hunting[83] and habitat destruction by introduced rabbits, pigs, and goats.[10]

Cockatoos (family Cacatuidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
New Ireland cockatoo Cacatua sp. New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric

Old World parrots (family Psittaculidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lord Howe parakeet Cyanoramphus subflavescens Lord Howe Island, New South Wales Last seen in 1869. Exterminated by farmers because it predated on gardens and crops.[10]
Macquarie parakeet Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae erythrotis Macquarie Island, Tasmania Last seen in 1890. Probably driven to extinction by introduced weka and rabbits.[10]
Paradise parrot Psephotellus pulcherrimus Southeastern Queensland and possibly New South Wales Last confirmed observation in 1927 or 1928; it was considered extinct after a drought in 1902 but was rediscovered in 1918. Unconfirmed observations were made in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1990. Extinction factors include reduction of food supply due to drought and overgrazing, deforestation, altered fire regimes, spread of invasive prickly pears in Australia, disease, hunting and nest raiding.[84]
Moseley's parrot Psittrichas sp. Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea Only known from Henry Nottidge Moseley's 1879 description, who compared it to Pesquet's parrot from inland New Guinea.[10]

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

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Australasian wrens (family Maluridae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Dirk Hartog thick-billed grasswren Amytornis textilis carteri Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia Last recorded in 1918. Disappeared due to predation by introduced black rats.[10]
Namoi Valley thick-billed grasswren Amytornis textilis inexpectatus Central New South Wales Last recorded in 1912. Reasons of extinction unknown.[10]
Southwestern thick-billed grasswren Amytornis textilis macrourus Southwestern Australia Last recorded in 1910. Extinct due to drought and overgrazing by introduced mammals.[10]

Bristlebirds (family Dasyornithidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Western rufous bristlebird Dasyornis broadbenti litoralis Southwestern Australia Last recorded around 1930. Disappeared due to the burning of shrublands for pasture and predation by feral cats.[10]

Australian warblers (family Acanthizidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lord Howe gerygone Gerygone insularis Lord Howe Island, New South Wales Last recorded in 1928. Presumed to have become extinct due to nest raiding by black rats, but disease from introduced passerines could also have been a factor.[85]

Cuckooshrikes and allies (family Campephagidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Norfolk triller Lalage leucopyga leucopyga Norfolk Island Last recorded in 1942. Probably driven to extinction by invasive black rats and deforestation.[86]

Fantails and silktails (family Rhipiduridae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lord Howe fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina Lord Howe Island, New South Wales Last recorded in 1924. Probably disappeared due to predation by introduced black rats.[10]

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
New Ireland crow Corvus sp. New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago Prehistoric

Australasian robins (family Petroicidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Roper River scrub robin Drymodes superciliaris colcloughi Northern Territory Last recorded in 1910. This subspecies may be invalid. It is known from only two specimens of doubtful provenance.[87]
Possibly extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Tiwi Islands hooded robin Melanodryas cucullata melvillensis Melville and Bathurst Islands, Northern Territory Last recorded in 1992. Could have disappeared due to changes in the fire regime.[10]

White-eyes (family Zosteropidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Robust white-eye Zosterops strenuus Lord Howe Island, New South Wales Extinction believed to be a result of predation by black rats that escaped the wreck of the SS Makambo in 1918, as it was not found in searches carried out in 1928 and 1936.[10]
Possibly extinct, white-eyes (family Zosteropidae)
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
White-chested white-eye Zosterops albogularis Norfolk Island Last confirmed sighting in 2000, followed by an unconfirmed one in 2005. The species declined due to competition with the silvereye Zosterops lateralis, which was introduced in 1904; the accidental introduction of black rats in the mid-1940s, and the clearance of forests.[10]

Grassbirds and allies (family Locustellidae)

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Possibly extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
New Britain thicketbird Cincloramphus grosvenori New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago Known only from two individuals collected, and another two seen shortly after, in 1958.[10]

Thrushes (family Turdidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Norfolk thrush Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus Norfolk Island The subspecies became extinct around the late 1970s, with the last confirmed record in 1975. The cause of its extinction is attributed to a combination of clearing of native vegetation and predation by rats and feral cats. Additional factors were competition with introduced song thrushes and common blackbirds, as well as interbreeding with the latter species producing sterile offspring.[citation needed]
Lord Howe thrush Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus Lord Howe Island, New South Wales Not recorded since c. 1924. Believed to be a result of the introduction of black rats following the grounding of the SS Makambo in June 1918.[citation needed]

Starlings (family Sturnidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Norfolk Island starling Aplonis fusca fusca Norfolk Island Last recorded in 1923, although its absence was not noted until 1968. It may have disappeared due to habitat destruction, or predation by black rats if it survived until 1940, when they were introduced to the island. As the last surviving subspecies, its extinction was also that of the species.[88]
Lord Howe starling Aplonis fusca hulliana Lord Howe Island, New South Wales Last seen in 1918. Probably disappeared due to predation by black rats, which were introduced to the island in that year.[88]

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

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Squamates (order Squamata)

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Common geckos (family Gekkonidae)

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All extinct and extinct in the wild reptiles of Christmas Island, from left to right: Emoia nativitatis, Lepidodactylus listeri, Cryptoblepharus egeriae.
Extinct in the wild
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Christmas Island chained gecko Lepidodactylus listeri Christmas Island Last recorded in the wild in 2012, probably as a result of predation by introduced Indian wolf snakes.[89]

Skinks (family Scincidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Christmas Island forest skink Emoia nativitatis Christmas Island Last seen in the wild in 2010. An attempted captivity breeding program in 2009 failed because only females could be captured, and the last captive animal died in 2014. Became extinct due to predation by introduced Indian wolf snakes, possibly hastened by deforestation.[90]
Extinct in the wild, skinks (family Scincidae)
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Christmas Island blue-tailed skink Cryptoblepharus egeriae Christmas Island Last seen in the wild in 2010, likely as a result of predation by introduced Indian wolf snakes.[91]

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

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Toads and frogs (order Anura)

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Australian ground frogs (family Myobatrachidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Southern gastric-brooding frog Rheobatrachus silus Conondale and Blackall Ranges, Queensland Last captured from the wild in 1981, the last captive specimen died in 1983. Reasons for extinction unknown, but chytridiomycosis is suspected.[92]
Northern gastric-brooding frog Rheobatrachus vitellinus Eungella National Park, Queensland Last recorded in 1985. Reasons for extinction unknown, but chytridiomycosis is suspected.[93]
Sharp snouted day frog Taudactylus acutirostris Coastal north Queensland from Mount Graham to the Big Tableland[94] Last seen in 1997, apparently exterminated by chytridiomycosis.[94]
Mount Glorious day frog Taudactylus diurnus Blackall, Conondale, and D'Aguilar Ranges in southeast Queensland Last recorded in 1979. Reasons of extinction unknown, but chytridiomycosis is suspected.[95]

Australian treefrogs (family Pelodryadidae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Mountain mist frog Mosleyia nyakalensis Wet Tropics of Queensland[96] Last recorded in 1990, declared extinct in 2022. Rapidly declined, likely due to chytridiomycosis.[96]
Data deficient, Australian treefrogs (family Pelodryadidae)
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Peppered tree frog Dryopsophus piperatus A very small area of the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales This species was last seen in 1973. It is classified as data deficient because there is substantial uncertainty regarding its taxonomic status. Either the type series represents unusually coloured individuals of Pearson's green tree frog or it is a distinct species that is now most likely extinct.[97]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

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Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)

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Handfish (family Brachionichthyidae)

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Data deficient
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Smooth handfish Sympterichthys unipennis Southeastern Tasmania Last recorded in 1802. Possibly disappeared due to habitat destruction and accidental capture at scallop and oyster fisheries.[98]

Galaxias (order Galaxiiformes)

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Galaxias (family Galaxiidae)

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Extinct in the wild
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Pedder galaxias Galaxias pedderensis Lake Pedder, Tasmania Initially, the species expanded its range after the area was inundated for hydroelectric power generation in 1972. Introduced trout were a significant factor in the decline of this species. It was scarce by 1980, and the last wild specimen was captured in 1996. The species survives in two translocated populations outside its original range, one at Lake Oberon in the Western Arthurs mountain range and one at a modified water supply dam near Strathgordon.[99]

Insects (class Insecta)

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Beetles (order Coleoptera)

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Predaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae)

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Scientific name Range
Rhantus papuanus Papua New Guinea[100]

Fleas (order Siphonaptera)

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Family Pulicidae

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Scientific name Range Comments
Xenopsylla nesiotes Christmas Island Parasite of Maclear's rat.[101]

Book lice, bark lice, and sucking lice (order Psocodea)

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Chicken body lice (family Menoponidae)

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Possibly extinct
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Scientific name Range Comments
Titanolichus seemani Southeastern Australia Known only from the holotype collected from a museum specimen of critically endangered orange-bellied parrot.[33]

Bird chewing lice (family Philopteridae)

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Scientific name Range Comments
Coloceras hemiphagae Norfolk Island Parasites of the Norfolk Island pigeon, co-extinct with their host.[102]
Coloceras restinctus

Arachnids (class Arachnida)

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Ticks (order Ixodida)

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Hard ticks (family Ixodidae)

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Scientific name Range Comments
Ixodes nitens Christmas Island Parasite of Maclear's rat.[101]

Snails and slugs (class Gastropoda)

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Order Stylommatophora

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Family Bothriembryontidae

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Lord Howe flax snail (subspecies) Placostylus bivaricosus etheridgei[103] Lord Howe Island, New South Wales A type of land snail.

Clitellates (class Clitellata)

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Order Opisthopora

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Family Megascolecidae

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lake Pedder earthworm Hypolimnus pedderensis Lake Pedder, Tasmania Known only from one specimen collected in 1971. The area was inundated for hydroelectric power generation in 1972.[104]

Fungi (kingdom Fungi)

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Lichenized fungi (order Lecanorales)

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Main lichenized fungi (family Parmeliaceae)

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Locally extinct
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Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Punctelia subflava Central and southern Australia Extirpated from Tasmania.[105]

Red algae (division Rhodophyta)

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Order Ceramiales

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Family Delesseriaceae

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bennett's seaweed Vanvoorstia bennettiana Sydney Harbour, New South Wales Last collected in 1886.[106]

Plants (kingdom Plantae)

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Lycopods (class Lycopodiopsida)

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Clubmosses (family Lycopodiaceae)

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Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Toothed clubmoss Huperzia serrata South and east Asia[107] Listed as extinct in Australia in 2000.[108]
Pseudodiphasium volubile Southeast Asia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, northeastern Queensland, and New Zealand Collected at Mount Bellenden Ker and an unknown locality in Queensland. Listed as extinct in Australia in 2000.[109]

Ferns (class Polypodiophyta)

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Bristle ferns (family Hymenophyllaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Filmy fern Hymenophyllum whitei Thornton Peak, northeastern Queensland Listed as extinct in 2000.[110]
Locally extinct
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Scientific name Range Comments
Didymoglossum exiguum Southern India and Sri Lanka to the Malay Peninsula and northeastern Queensland Only recorded once in the Bellenden Ker Range.[111]
Hymenophyllum lobbii Northeast Borneo and northeastern Queensland Only recorded once in Mount Bellenden Ker, between 1909 and 1910.[112]

Adder's-tongue ferns (family Ophioglossaceae)

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Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Austral moonwort Botrychium australe Central Papua New Guinea, eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island, New Zealand, and the Chatham Islands Extirpated from Tasmania.[113]

Polypodies and hard ferns (family Polypodiaceae)

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Locally extinct
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Scientific name Range Comments
Lemmaphyllum accedens Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Polynesia Recorded at Lake Eacham, Queensland in 1910. Survives in New Guinea.[114]

Whisk ferns and hanging fork ferns (family Psilotaceae)

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Scientific name Range Comments
Tmesipteris lanceolata Queensland Listed as extinct in 2000.[115]

Maidenhair ferns and relatives (family Pteridaceae)

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Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Grass fern Monogramma dareicarpa Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, and northern Queensland Formerly recorded at Mount Bellenden Ker. Listed as extinct in Australia in 2000.[116]

Flowering plants (clade Angiospermae)

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Amaranths (family Amaranthaceae)

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Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Glistening salt-bush Atriplex billardierei Coastal Victoria, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Chatham Islands Listed as extinct in Victoria in 2014.[117]
Papery goosefoot Chenopodium erosum Southeastern Australia and South Island of New Zealand Extirpated from Tasmania.[118]

Fig-marigolds (family Aizoaceae)

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Scientific name Range Comments
Trianthema cypseleoides Hawkesbury River, New South Wales Only known from the holotype collected in 1839.[119]

Celeries, carrots and parsleys (family Apiaceae)

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Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Tiny flannel-flower Actinotus bellidioides Southern Australia and Tasmania Last recorded in Western Australia in 1891 and Victoria in 1944. Survives in Tasmania.[120]

Dogbanes (family Apocynaceae)

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Possibly extinct
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Scientific name Range Comments
Leichhardtia araujacea Northern Queensland Last collected in 1893.[121]

Sunflowers (family Asteraceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Myriocephalus nudus Western Australia Listed as extinct in 2019.[122]
Olearia oliganthema New South Wales Listed as extinct in 2000.[123]
Clubmoss everlasting Ozothamnus selaginoides Mount Wellington, Tasmania Last collected in 1849.[124]
Grey groundsel Senecio georgianus Western, eastern, and southern Australia, including Tasmania Last collected in Victoria in 1972. Despite its large range, it was never considered common.[125]
Possibly extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Coast dandelion Taraxacum cygnorum Australia Last recorded after 1986.[126]
Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Sticky long-heads Podotheca angustifolia Western and southern Australia Extirpated in Tasmania.[127][128]
Large-fruit groundsel Senecio macrocarpus Southeastern Australia

Mustards (family Brassicaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Drummond's lepidium Lepidium drummondi Western Australia Listed as extinct in 2000.[129]
Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Southern shepherd's purse Ballantinia pumilio Central Victoria and Tasmania Currently found only in Mount Alexander, Victoria.[130]

Guinea flowers (family Dilleniaceae)

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Locally extinct
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Hoary Guinea flower Hibbertia obtusifolia Eastern Australia Extirpated from Tasmania.[131]

Quandongs (family Elaeocarpaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Cronin's tetratheca Tetratheca fasciculata Wagin, Western Australia Last collected near Wagin Lake in 1895.[132]

Heathers (family Ericaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Small-flowered leucopogon Leucopogon cryptanthus Western Australia Listed as extinct in 2000.[133][134]
Hidden coleanthera Styphelia lanata

Euphorbias (family Euphorbiaceae)

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Scientific name Range Comments
Amperea xiphoclada var. pedicellata Double Bay, Sydney, New South Wales Only known from the type specimen collected in 1892.[135]

Legumes (family Fabaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Acacia kingiana Wagin, Western Australia Only known from the type specimen collected in 1923.[136]
Maiden's bush-pea Pultenaea maidenii Victoria Listed as extinct in 2000.[137]
Phillip Island glory pea Streblorrhiza speciosa Phillip Island Considered extinct by the 1830s, likely due to grazing by introduced feral pigs, goats and rabbits.[138]

Sea heaths (family Frankeniaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Decurrent-leaved frankenia Frankenia decurrens Western Australia Listed as extinct in 2015.[139]

Fan-flowers (family Goodeniaceae)

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Locally extinct
edit
Scientific name Range Comments
Coopernookia barbata Southwestern and southeastern Australia Extirpated from Tasmania.[140]

Watermilfoils (family Haloragaceae)

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Locally extinct
edit
Scientific name Range Comments
Myriophyllum glomeratum Victoria, southern New South Wales, and northern Tasmania Extirpated from Tasmania.[141]

Mints (family Lamiaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Alpine mint-bush Prostanthera cuneata Southeastern Australia Extirpated from Tasmania.[142]

Mallows (family Malvaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Mount Holland thomasia Thomasia gardneri near Mount Holland, Western Australia Only known from the holotype collected in 1929.[143]

Banana trees (family Musaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Daintree's river banana Musa fitzalanii Daintree River, northeast Queensland Only known from the holotype collected in 1875.[144]

Willowherbs (family Onagraceae)

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Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Carpet willow-herb Epilobium willisii Tasmania and the Lankeys Plain on the Dargo High Plains of Victoria Extinct in Victoria, survives in Tasmania.[145][146]

Orchids (family Orchidaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Acianthus ledwardii Burleigh Heads, Queensland Last collected in 1938.[147]
Short Spider-orchid Caladenia brachyscapa Warrnambool, Victoria and Clarke Island, Tasmania Last collected in Clarke Island in 1979.[148]
Magnificent spider-orchid Caladenia magnifica Central Victoria Last recorded in 1979.[149]
Caladenia thysanochila Mount Eliza, Victoria Only known from two individuals collected in 1988.[150]
Diuris bracteata near Gladesville, Sydney, New South Wales Only known from the type specimen collected before 1889. Claimed individuals collected after 1998 actually belong to Diuris platichila.[151]
Lilac leek-orchid Prasophyllum colemaniarum Bayswater, Victoria Only known from the type series collected in 1922.[152]
Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Common elbow orchid Arthrochilus huntianus Southeastern Australia Extirpated from Flinders Island.[153]
Thick-lipped spider-orchid Caladenia cardiochila Southeastern Australia Extirpated from Flinders Island, where it was recorded in 1947.[154]

Broomrapes (family Orobanchaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Subshrub Euphrasia ruptura New South Wales Listed as extinct in 2025.[155]

True grasses (family Poaceae)

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Scientific name Range Comments
Amphibromus whitei near Roma, Queensland Listed as extinct in 2000.[156]
Deyeuxia lawrencei possibly near Launceston, Tasmania Only known from the holotype collected in 1831.[157]
Paspalum batianoffii Port Curtis, Queensland Listed as extinct since 2000.[158]

Pondweeds (family Potamogetonaceae)

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Locally extinct
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Austral water-mat Althenia australis Western and southern Australia Extirpated from Tasmania.[159]

Primroses (family Primulaceae)

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Scientific name Range Comments
Embelia flueckigeri Russell River, Queensland Only known from the holotype collected in 1892.[160]

Proteas (family Proteaceae)

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Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Persoonia laxa Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales Last collected in Newport in 1908. An intermediate individual collected in Dee Why in 1922 could be a hybrid of P. laxa and P. levis.[161]
Persoonia prostrata Queensland Listed as extinct in 2000.[162]
Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Coast banksia Banksia integrifolia integrifolia Eastern Australia from Bundaberg, Queensland to Geelong, Victoria Once also found on islands on the Bass Strait, where it is extinct now.[163]

Coffee and relatives (family Rubiaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Esperance dog weed Opercularia acolytantha north of Esperance, Western Australia Only known from the holotype collected in 1901.[164]
Wendlandia psychotrioides Mount Bellenden Ker, Queensland Last recorded in 1887.[165]

Mistletoes and sandalwoods (family Santalaceae)

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Possibly extinct
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Diels' currant bush Leptomeria dielsiana Scott River, Western Australia Last collected in 1957.[166]
Locally extinct
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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Austral toadflax Thesium australe Southeastern Australia Extirpated from Tasmania.[167]

Nightshades (family Solanaceae)

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Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Bridal flower Solanum bauerianum Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands Listed as extinct in 2018.[168]

Triggerplants (family Stylidiaceae)

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Locally extinct
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Hairy stylewort Levenhookia dubia Western and southern Australia Extirpated from Tasmania.[169]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.

References

edit
  1. ↑ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  2. ↑ Alvares, Francisco; Bogdanowicz, Wieslaw; Campbell, Liz A.D.; Godinho, Rachel; Hatlauf, Jennifer; Jhala, Yadvendradev V.; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Krofel, Miha; Moehlman, Patricia D.; Senn, Helen; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Viranta, Suvi; Werhahn, Geraldine (2019). "Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal, 28th - 30th May 2019" (PDF). IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  3. ↑ "Bats/pekapeka". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  4. ↑ Martin, P. S. (2005). Twilight of the mammoths: Ice Age extinctions and the rewilding of America (Vol. 8). Univ of California Press.
  5. ↑ "European discovery and the colonisation of Australia". Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022. [The British] moved north to Port Jackson on 26 January 1788, landing at Camp Cove, known as 'cadi' to the Cadigal people. Governor Phillip carried instructions to establish the first British Colony in Australia. The First Fleet was underprepared for the task, and the soil around Sydney Cove was poor.
  6. ↑ Egan, Ted (2003). The Land Downunder. Grice Chapman Publishing. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-9545726-0-0.
  7. 1 2 3 White, L.C. et al. (2018) High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia. Biology Letters, 14(1), 20170642.
  8. 1 2 Marchant, S.; P. J. Higgins (1993). Handbook of Australian and, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 2: Raptors to Lapwings. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
  9. 1 2 Ford, Hugh A. (1989). Ecology of Birds: An Australian perspective. Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beattie and Sons. ISBN 0-949324-19-1.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
  11. ↑ "Species Profile and Threats Database - EPBC Act List of Threatened Flora". Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  12. ↑ Leary, T.; Seri, L.; Flannery, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Helgen, K.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Allison, A.; James, R.; Aplin, K.; Salas, L.; Dickman, C. (2016). "Zaglossus bruijnii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T23179A21964204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T23179A21964204.en. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 Helgen, Kristofer M.; Miguez, Roberto Portela; Kohen, James; Helgen, Lauren (28 December 2012). "Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia". ZooKeys (255): 103–132. Bibcode:2012ZooK..255..103H. doi:10.3897/zookeys.255.3774. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3560862. PMID 23459668.
  14. ↑ Burbidge, Andrew A. (21 December 2017). "Did Zaglossus bruijnii occur in the Kimberley region of Western Australia?". Australian Mammalogy. 40 (2): 315–318. doi:10.1071/AM17053. ISSN 1836-7402.
  15. ↑ Sleightholme, Stephen R.; Gordon, Tammy J.; Campbell, Cameron R. (2020). "The Kaine capture – questioning the history of the last Thylacine in captivity". Australian Zoologist. 41: 1–11.
  16. 1 2 Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Thylacinus cynocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T21866A21949291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21866A21949291.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  17. ↑ Brook, Barry W.; Sleightholme, Stephen R.; Campbell, Cameron R.; Jarić, Ivan; Buettel, Jessie C. (15 June 2023). "Resolving when (and where) the Thylacine went extinct". Science of the Total Environment. 877 162878. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162878. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 36934937.
  18. ↑ "The Thylacine Museum - Palaeontology: Prehistoric Range of the Thylacine (page 1)". www.naturalworlds.org. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  19. ↑ "The Thylacine Museum - History: Extinction vs. Survival: Alleged Mainland Thylacine Sightings (page 1)". www.naturalworlds.org. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  20. ↑ Louys, J.; Braje, T. J.; Chang, C.-H.; Cosgrove, R.; Fitzpatrick, S. M.; Fujita, M.; Hawkins, S.; Ingicco, T.; Kawamura, A.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; McDowell, M. C.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Piper, P. J.; Roberts, P.; Simmons, A. H.; van den Bergh, G.; van der Geer, A.; Kealy, S.; O'Connor, S. (2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20) e2023005118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
  21. 1 2 3 Newman-Martin, J., Travouillon, K. J., Warburton, N., Barham, M., & Blyth, A. J. (2023). Taxonomic review of the genus Dasycercus (Dasyuromorphia: Dasyuridae) using modern and subfossil material; and the description of three new species. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 47(4), 624-661.
  22. 1 2 3 Vega, A. G., von Takach, B., Umbrello, L., Cullen, D., Cowan, M., Crisp, H., ... & Ottewell, K. (2025). A Tale of Two Tails: Untangling the Phylogeography and Demographic History of Extant Species of Mulgara (Dasycercus spp.) in the Australian Arid Zone. Journal of biogeography, 52(10), e70006.
  23. ↑ http://www.classic.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000144
  24. ↑ http://www.classic.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006751
  25. ↑ "Tasmanian devils return to mainland Australia for first time in 3,000 years". Animals. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  26. ↑ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Perameles eremiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T16570A21965953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16570A21965953.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  27. 1 2 Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2021). Listing Advice Perameles fasciata Liverpool Plains Striped Bandicoot. Canberra: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/66652-listing-advice-02022021.pdf
  28. 1 2 3 4 Travouillon, Kenny; PHILLIPS, MATTHEW (7 February 2018). "Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): Reassessment of two species and description of a new species". Zootaxa. 4378 (2): 224–256. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4378.2.3. PMID 29690027.
  29. 1 2 Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2021). Listing Advice Perameles myosuros Marl. Canberra: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/89882-listing-advice-03032021.pdf
  30. 1 2 Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2021). Listing Advice Perameles notina South-eastern Striped Bandicoot. Canberra: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/89883-listing-advice-03032021.pdf
  31. ↑ Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2021). Listing Advice Perameles papillon Nullarbor Barred Bandicoot. Canberra: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/89865-listing-advice-03032021.pdf
  32. ↑ https://recentlyextinctspecies.com/peramelemorphia/peroryctes-aruensis
  33. 1 2 3 4 Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  34. ↑ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Macrotis leucura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T12651A21967376. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12651A21967376.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  35. 1 2 3 "New species of extinct pig-footed bandicoot described from Australia". nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  36. ↑ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Chaeropus ecaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T4322A21965168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4322A21965168.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  37. ↑ "Lagostrophus fasciatus albipilis — Banded Hare-wallaby (mainland)". Environment.gov.au. Australian Government Department of Environment. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  38. ↑ "Mammal Species of the World - Browse: fasciatus". www.departments.bucknell.edu. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  39. ↑ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Lagorchestes asomatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T11160A21954573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11160A21954573.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  40. 1 2 Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Lagorchestes hirsutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T11162A21954429. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11162A21954429.en. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  41. ↑ Tim Flannery; Peter Schouten (2001). A gap in nature. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-797-5.
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