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List of Chinese empresses and queens

(Redirected from List of empresses of the Han dynasty)

The following is a list of empresses and queens of China, who formed the highest tier of the imperial Chinese harem system. China has periodically been divided into kingdoms as well as united under empires, resulting in consorts titled both queen and empress. The empress title could also be given posthumously, as to the mothers and grandmothers of the founders of dynasties. The posthumous empresses are listed separately by the year they were given the title.

Empresses and queens

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Predynastic Shang (c. 21st century BC – c. 1600 BC)

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Name Spouse
Bi Geng
(妣庚)		 Bao Ding
Bi Geng
(妣庚)		 Shi Ren
Bi Jia
(妣甲)		 Shi Gui

Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC)

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Name Image Ceased to be queen Death Spouse
Bi Jia
(妣甲)		 Tang
Bi Bing
(妣丙)
Bi Wu
(妣戊)		 Da Ding
Bi Xin
(妣辛)		 Tai Jia
Bi Ren
(妣壬)		 Tai Geng
Bi Ren
(妣壬)		 Tai Wu
Bi Ji
(妣己)		 Zhong Ding
Bi Gui
(妣癸)
Bi Jia
(妣甲)		 Zu Xin
Bi Ren
(妣壬)
Bi Ji
(妣己)		 Zu Ding
Bi Geng
(妣庚)		 Xiao Yi
Fu Hao
(婦好)		 c. 1200 BC Wu Ding
Fu Jing
(婦妌)
Fu Jie
(妇嬕)
or
Fu Gui
(妣癸)
Bi Wu
(妣戊)		 Zu Jia
Bi Xin
(妣辛)		 Geng Ding
Jiuhou Nü
(九侯女)		 Di Xin

Predynastic Zhou (c. 1150–1046 BC)

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Name Image Birth Became queen Ceased to be queen Death Spouse
Tai Si
(太姒)		 c. 12th century BC 1099 BC 1050 BC c. 11th century BC Wen

Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC)

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Name Image Became queen Ceased to be queen Death Spouse
Yi Jiang
(邑姜)		 1046 BC 1043 BC Wu
Wang Si
(王姒)		 Cheng
Wang Jiang
(王姜)		 Kang
Queen Fang
(房后)		 Zhao
Wang Zu Jiang
(王俎姜)		 Mu
Wang Gui
(王媯)		 Gong
Wang Bo Jiang
(王伯姜)		 Yi
Wang Jing
(王京)		 Xiao
Wang Ji
(王姞)		 Yi
Shen Jiang
(申姜)		 Li
Queen Jiang
(姜后)		 827 BC 782 BC Xuan
Queen Shen
(申后)		 782 BC 772 BC You
Ji Ji Jiang
(紀季姜)		 Huan
Chen Gui
(陈妫)		 Hui
Queen Di
(翟后)		 Xiang
Qi Jiang
(周灵王)		 Ling
Queen Mu
(穆后)		 527 BC Jing

Western Han dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD)

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Name* Image Parents Birth Marriage Became empress Ceased to be empress Death Spouse
Lü Zhi,
Empress Gao,
of the Lü clan		 Lü Wen, Prince Xuan of Lü
Princess Consort Xuan		 241 BC 202 BC 195 BC Husband's death 18 Aug 180 BC Emperor Gaozu of Han
Zhang Yan,
Empress Xiaohui,
of the Zhang clan		 Zhang Ao, Prince of Zhao
Princess Yuan of Lu		 192 BC 192 BC 188 BC Husband's death 163 BC Emperor Hui of Han
Empress,
of the Lü clan		 Lü Lu (呂祿) c. 205 BC 184 BC 180 BC c. 180 BC Emperor Houshao of Han
Dou Yifang,
Empress Xiaowen,
of the Dou clan		 Dou Chong, Marquis Ancheng 205 BC 179 BC 179 BC 157 BC Husband's death 135 BC Emperor Wen of Han
Empress,
of the Bo clan		 158 BC 157 BC 151 BC Deposed 147 BC Emperor Jing of Han
Wang Zhi,
Empress Xiaojing,
of the Wang clan[note 1]		 Wang Zhong,
Zang Er		 173 BC 150 BC 126 BC Husband's death 25 June 126 BC
Chen Jiao,
Empress,
of the Chen clan		 Chen Wu, Marquess of Tangyi
Liu Piao, Princess Guantao		 141 BC 130 BC Deposed c. 110 BC Emperor Wu of Han
Wei Zifu,
Empress Xiaowusi,
of the Wei clan		 Madam Wei (衛媼) 128 BC 91 BC
Empress Xiaozhao,
of the Shangguan clan		 Shangguan An,

Lady Huo

 89 BC(?) 84 BC 83 BC 74 BC Husband's death 37 BC Emperor Zhao of Han
Xu Pingjun,
Empress Gong'ai,
of the Xu clan		 Xu Guanghan c. 90 BC c. 76 BCE 74 BC 71 BC Emperor Xuan of Han
Huo Chengjun,
Empress,
of the Huo clan		 Huo Guang
Lady Xian		 70 BC 66 BC Deposed 54 BC
Empress Xiaoxuan,
of the Wang clan		 Wang Fengguang, Marquess of Qiongcheng 64 BC 49 BC Husband's death 16 BC
Wang Zhengjun,
Empress Xiaoyuan,
of the Wang clan		 Wang Jin, Marquess of Yangping
Li Qin		 71 BC c. 50 BC 48 BC 33 BC Husband's death 13 AD Emperor Yuan of Han
Xu Kua,
Empress,
of the Xu clan		 Xu Jia, the Marquess of Ping'en 31 BC 18 BC Deposed 8 BC Emperor Cheng of Han
Zhao Feiyan,
Empress Xiaocheng,
of the Zhao clan		 c. 32 BC 16 BC 7 BC Husband's death 1 BC
Empress Xiao'ai,
of the Fu clan		 Fu Yan, Marquis of Kongxiang 6 BC 1 BC Emperor Ai of Han
Empress Xiaoping,
of the Wang clan		 Wang Mang
Lady Wang		 8 BC 4 AD 5 AD Husband's death 23 AD Emperor Ping of Han

Xin dynasty (9–23)

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Name Parents Marriage Became empress Ceased to be empress Death Spouse
Empress Wang Wang Xian, Marquess of Yichin 9 21 Emperor Wang Mang
Empress Shi Shi Chen (史諶) 23

Eastern Han dynasty (25–220)

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Name Image Parents Birth Marriage Became empress Ceased to be empress Death Spouse
Guo Shengtong Guo Chang, Marquess Si of Yin'an c. 6 24 10 July 26 1 December 41
Deposed		 22 July 52 Emperor Guangwu of Han
Yin Lihua Yin Mu
Deng		 5 41 29 March 57
Husband's death		 26 February 64
Empress Ma General Ma Yuan Late 30s 49 8 April 60 5 September 75
Husband's death		 16 August 79 Emperor Ming of Han
Empress Dou Dou Xun
Princess Piyang		 c. 63 77 3 April 78 9 April 88
Husband's death		 8 October 97 Emperor Zhang of Han
Empress Yin Yin Gang c. 80 92 31 March 96 24 July 102
Deposed		 c. August 102 Emperor He of Han
Deng Sui Deng Xun
Lady Yin		 81 96 21 November 102 13 February 106
Husband's death		 5 April 121
Yan Ji Yan Chang 114 1 June 115 30 April 125
Husband's death		 28 February 126 Emperor An of Han
Liang Na Liang Shang 116 128 2 March 132 20 September 144
Husband's death		 6 April 150 Emperor Shun of Han
Liang Nüying Grand Marshal Liang Shang 147 30 September 147 9 August 159 Emperor Huan of Han
Deng Mengnü Deng Xiang
Xuan		 159 27 March 165
Deposed		 165
Dou Miao Dou Wu c. 165 10 December 165 25 January 168
Husband's death		 18 July 172
Empress Song Song Feng 170 12 October 171 c. November 178
Deposed		 c. November 178 Emperor Ling of Han
Empress He He Zhen, Marquis Xuande of Wuyang,

Lady of Wuyang

 8 January 181 13 May 189
Husband's death		 30 September 189
Fu Shou Fu Wan, Marquis of Buqi
Ying		 190 20 May 195 8 January 215 Emperor Xian of Han
Empress Cao (Han dynasty)#Cao Jie Cao Cao 6 March 215 11 December 220
Husband's abdication		 2 July 260

Three Kingdoms period (220–280)

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Cao Wei (220–266)

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Name Parents Birth Marriage Became empress Ceased to be empress Death Spouse
Guo Nüwang Guo Yong
Lady Yong		 8 April 184 31 October 222 29 June 226
Husband's death		 14 March 235 Cao Pi
Empress Mao Mao Jia 26 December 227 22 September 237 Cao Rui
Empress Guo Guo Man
Lady Du		 16 January 239 22 January 239
Husband's death		 8 February 264
Empress Zhen 29 May 243 22 August 251 Cao Fang
Empress Zhang Zhang Ji c. March 252 c. April 254
Deposed
Empress Wang Wang Kui c. May 254 17 October 254
Husband's deposition
Empress Bian Bian Long April or May 255 2 June 260
Husband's death		 Cao Mao
Empress Bian Bian Lin 28 November 263 4 February 266
Husband's abdication		 Cao Huan

Shu Han (221–263)

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Name Parents Marriage Became empress Ceased to be empress Death Spouse
Empress Wu 214 19 June 221 10 June 223
Husband's death		 September or October 245 Liu Bei
Empress Zhang Zhang Fei 221 June 223
Husband's accession		 July or August 237 Liu Shan
Empress Zhang February 238 December 263
Husband's death

Eastern Wu (222–280)

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Name Image Parents Birth Marriage Became empress Ceased to be empress Death Spouse
Empress Pan June or July 251 February or March 252 Sun Quan
Empress Quan Huijie Quan Shang 244 16 February 253 9 November 258
Husband's death		 c. early 300s Sun Liang
Empress Zhu Zhu Ju
Sun Luyu		 c. 250 16 September 262 3 September 264
Husband's death		 July or August 265 Sun Xiu
Empress Teng Fanglan Teng Mu November 264 1 May 280
Husband's deposition		 Sun Hao

Jin dynasty (266–403, 404–420)

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Name Picture Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Yang Yan Yang Wenzong
Lady Zhao		 238 Before 265 20 March 266 25 August 274 Emperor Wu of Jin
Empress Yang Zhi Yang Jun 259 13 December 276 16 May 290
husband's death		 6 March 292
Empress Jia Nanfeng Jia Chong
Guo Huai		 257 2 April 272 16 May 290
husband's accession		 7 May 300
deposed		 13 May 300 Emperor Hui of Jin
Empress Yang Xianrong Yang Xuanzhi (Duke of Xingjin) In or before 290 December 300 3 February 301
husband's deposition		 13 May 322
December 300 1 June 301
husband's restoration		 8 January 307[a]
husband's death
Empress Liang Lanbi Liang Fen Unknown Before February 305 11 January 307
husband's accession		 311[b] Unknown Emperor Huai of Jin
Empress Yu Wenjun Yu Chen
Lady Xun		 297 Before May 318 4 January 323
husband's accession		 18 October 325
husband's death		 March or April 328 Emperor Ming of Jin
Empress Du Lingyang Du Yi
Lady Pei		 321 17 March 336 7 April 341 Emperor Cheng of Jin
Empress Chu Suanzi Chu Pou
Xie Zhenshi		 324 Before 342 10 February 343 17 November 344
husband's death		 5 July 384 Emperor Kang of Jin
Empress He Fani He Zhun
Lady Kong		 339 19 September 357 10 July 361
husband's death		 13 September 404 Emperor Mu of Jin
Empress Wang Muzhi Wang Meng
Lady Yuan		 Unknown Before 361 29 October 361 22 February 365 Emperor Ai of Jin
Empress Yu Daolian Yu Bing Unknown Before 361 13 August 365 5 July 366 Emperor Fei of Jin
Empress Wang Fahui Wang Yun
Lady Liu		 c. 360 1 October 375 24 October 380 Emperor Xiaowu of Jin
Empress Wang Shen'ai Wang Xianzhi
Princess Xin'an		 384 396 3 May 397 22 December 403
husband's deposition		 3 October 412 Emperor An of Jin
June 404
husband's restoration		 3 October 412
Empress Chu Lingyuan Chu Shuang 384 Before 419 12 February 419 7 July 420
husband's deposition		 7 August 436 Emperor Gong of Jin

Huan Chu dynasty (403–404)

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Name Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Liu Liu Dan Unknown Before 404 Spring 404 19 June 404
husband's deposition		 Unknown Huan Xuan

Sixteen Kingdoms period (304–439)

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Cheng-Han (304–347)

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Name Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Ren Unknown February or March 315 August 334
husband's death		 Unknown Emperor Wu of Cheng
Empress Yan Unknown 334
husband's accession		 338?[c] Unknown Li Qi
Empress Yan Unknown 338
husband's accession		 September 343
husband's death		 After 343 Emperor Zhaowen of Han
Empress Li Before 343 343
husband's accession		 347
husband's deposition		 Unknown Li Shi

Han-Zhao (304–329)

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Name Picture Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Huyan Huyan Yi Unknown Before 304 307 Before or in 310 Liu Yuan
Empress Shan Shan Zheng Unknown Unknown Early 310 29 August 310
husband's death		 Late 310
Empress Huyan Unknown Unknown Unknown 310
husband's accession		 312 Liu Cong
Empress Zhang Huiguang Zhang Shi Unknown Early 313 313
Empress Liu E Unknown Unknown 313 314
Empress Jin Yueguang Jin Zhun Unknown 315 315
deposed		 315
Left Empress Liu Unknown Unknown 315 Before 318
Empress Jin Yuehua Jin Zhun Unknown 315 31 August 318
husband's death		 After 318
Upper Empress Fan Unknown Unknown 316 31 August 318
husband's death		 After 318
Left Empress Wang Wang Chen[d] Unknown 318 31 August 318
husband's death		 After 318
Middle Empress Xuan Xuan Huai[e] Unknown 318 31 August 318
husband's death		 After 318
Empress Jin Jin Zhun Unknown Before 318 September 318
husband's accession		 September or October 318
husband's death		 Unknown Liu Can
Empress Yang Xianrong Yang Xuanzhi In or before 290 Possibly 319[f] 319 13 May 322 Liu Yao
Empress Liu Unknown Unknown 325 326
Empress Liu Unknown Unknown 326 Between February and September 329
husband's death		 Unknown

Later Zhao (319–351)

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Name Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Liu Unknown Unknown Before 330 330
husband's accession		 17 August 333
husband's death		 Fall 333 Shi Le
Empress Zheng Yingtao Unknown Unknown Before 334 337 337
deposed		 349 Shi Hu
Empress Du Zhu Unknown Unknown 337 348
deposed		 Unknown
Empress Liu Liu Yao 318 348 26 May 349
husband's death		 349
Empress Zhang Unknown Unknown Unknown 349
husband's accession		 349
husband's deposition		 349 Shi Zun

Ran Wei (350–352)

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Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Spouse
Empress Dong 350
husband's accession		 17 May 352
husband's deposition		 Ran Min

Former Liang (301–376)

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Name Became Princess/Empress Ceased to be Princess/Empress Death Spouse
Princess Yan 324? 346
husband's death		 Before 353 Zhang Jun
Princess Pei 346? 353
husband's death		 354 Zhang Chonghua
Empress Xin 354 355
husband's death		 Unknown Zhang Zuo

Later Liang (386–403)

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Name Parents Marriage Became Princess/Empress Ceased to be Princess/Empress Death Spouse
Princess Shi Unknown Before 383 389[g] Unknown Lü Guang
Empress Yang Yang Huan Unknown 400
husband's accession		 401
husband's death		 401 Lü Zuan
Empress Yang Unknown Unknown 401
husband's accession		 Unknown Lü Long

Western Liang (400–421)

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Name Became Princess Ceased to be Princess Death Spouse
Princess Yin N/A[h] After 437 Li Gao

Northern Liang (397–439)

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Name Parents Birth Marriage Became Princess Ceased to be Princess Death Spouse
Princess Meng Unknown Unknown Unknown 401
husband's accession		 433
husband's death		 After 433 Juqu Mengxun
Princess Li Jingshou Li Gao
Princess Dowager Yin		 Unknown 420 433
husband's accession		 437
marriage annulled		 Unknown Juqu Mujian
Princess Tuoba Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei 386 437 439
husband's deposition		 534 or 535

Southern Liang (397–404, 408–414)

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Name Marriage Became Princess Ceased to be Princess Death Spouse
Queen Zhejue Unknown 408 414
husband's deposition		 Unknown Tufa Rutan

Former Qin (351–394)

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Name Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Qiang Unknown Unknown Unknown 351
Husband's accession		 355
Husband's death		 356 Fu Jian
Empress Liang Liang An Unknown Before 355 July 355
Husband's accession		 October 355
Executed		 Fu Sheng
Empress Gou Unknown Unknown Before 357 357
Husband's accession		 16 October 385
Husband's death		 Unknown Fu Jian
Empress Yang Unknown Unknown Before 380 385
Husband's accession		 386
Husband's deposition		 386 Fu Pi
Empress Mao Mao Xing Unknown 384? 387 389 Fu Deng
Empress Li Unknown Unknown 392 394
Husband's death		 Unknown

Later Qin (384–417 AD)

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Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress She 386 394,

Husband's death

 397 Yao Chang
Empress Zhang 402 Yao Xing
Empress Qi 412
Empress Of an unknown clan 416 417 Yao Hong

Western Qin (385–400, 409–431 AD)

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Name Became Queen Ceased to be Queen Death Spouse
Queen Bian 388 394,

Deposed

 Qifu Gangui
394 400,

Dynasty Abolished

409,

Dynasty Re-established

 412,

Husband's death

Queen Fu 394 394,

Deposed
Queen Tufa late 414 423 Qifu Chipan
Queen Liang 429 431 Qifu Mumo

Former Yan (337-370 A.D.)

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Name Became Princess/Empress Ceased to be Princess/Empress Death Spouse
Empress Wenming,
of the Duan clan		 337 Unknown[i] Murong Huang
Empress,

Of the Kezuhun Clan

 353 360 Murong Jun
Empress,

Of the Kezuhun Clan

 369 370,

Dynasty Abolished

 Murong Wei

Later Yan

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Northern Yan

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Southern Yan

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Xia

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Northern and Southern dynasties ( 420 - 589 A.D.)

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Liu Song (420-479 A.D.)

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Name Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Sima Maoying,
Empress,
of the Sima clan of Henan		 Emperor Gong of Jin,
Empress Gongsi		 393? or 403/4? likely 419 or 420 26 June 422 7 July 424,

Husband's death

 439 Emperor Shao
Yuan Qigui,
Empress Wenyuan
of the Yuan clan of Chen Commandry		 Yuan Dan,
Lady Wang		 405 26 October 424 8 September 440 Emperor Wen
Empress,
of the Yin clan of Chen Commandry[note 2]		 Yin Chun  14 May 438 453 27 May 453 Liu Shao
Wang Xianyuan,
Empress Xiaowuwenmu,
of the Wang clan of Langya		 Wang Yan,
Liu Rongnan,
Princess Wuxing		 c.427 443 453 12 July 464,

Husband's death

 9 October 464 Emperor Xiaowu
Empress,
of the Lu clan		 Lu Daoqing 16 December 465 1 January 466 Emperor Qianfei
Wang Zhenfeng,
Empress Minggong,
of the Wang clan of Langya		 Wang Senglang 436 448 22 January 466 15 July 472,
Husband's death		 12 November 479 Emperor Ming
Jiang Jiangui,
Empress,
of the Jiang clan of Jiyang		 Jiang Jiyun c. 470 15 July 472 23 June 479,
Husband's death		 Emperor Houfei
Xie Fanjing,
Empress,
of the Xie clan of Chen Commandry		 Xie Yang 26 November 478 27 May 479,

Husband's abdication

 Emperor Shun

Southern Qi

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Northern Wei

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Western Wei

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Eastern Wei (534–550 AD)

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Name Parents Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Spouse
Empress Gao Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu of Northern Qi,

Lou Zhaojun, Empress Wuming of Northern Qi

 539 550,

Husband's abdication

 Emperor Xiaojing

Northern Qi

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Liang dynasty

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Chen dynasty

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Northern Zhou

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Sui dynasty (581 - 618 A.D.)

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Name* Picture Parents Birth Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Dugu Qieluo/
Dugu Jialuo,
Empress Wenxian,
of the Dugu clan of Henan		 Dugu Xin,
Lady Cui		 544 4 March 581 10 September 602 Emperor Wen
Empress Min,
of the Xiao clan of Lanling		 Xiao Kui,
Emperor Ming of Western Liang,

Lady Zhang

 c. March 566 605 11 April 618,Husband's death 17 April 648 Emperor Yang

Tang dynasty (618 - 907 A.D.)

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Wu Zetian, an empress consort of Emperor Gaozong who became the only Empress regnant in Chinese History widely recognized as legitimate. After the death of her husband and enthronement and depsoition of 2 of her sons, she became the sole ruler of China for 15 years (690 - 705 A.D.).
Name* Picture Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Wende,
of the Zhangsun clan of Henan		 Zhangsun Sheng,
Zhangsun Cheng,
Duke Xian of Qi,

Lady Gao

 15 March 601 613 4 September 626 28 July 636 Emperor Taizong
Empress,
of the Wang clan of Taiyuan		 Wang Renyou,
Lady Liu		 Unknown[j] 12 February 650 16 November 655,

Deposed

 3 December 655 Emperor Gaozong
Wu Zhao,
Empress Zetian,
of the Wu clan[k][l]		 Wu Shiyue,
Lady Yang		 17 February 624[m] 650[n] 22 November 655 27 December 683,

Husband's death

 16 December 705
Empress,
of the Wei clan of Jingzhao		 Wei Xuanzhen,
Lady Cui		 3 January 684  26 February 684,
Husband's deposition		 July 21, 710 Emperor Zhongzong
23 February 705,
Husband's restoration		 3 July 710,
Husband's death
Empress Suming,
of the Liu clan of Pengcheng		 Liu Yanjing 27 February 684 16 October 690,
Husband's abdication		 8 January 693 Emperor Ruizong
Empress,
of the Lu clan		 710 25 July 710,

Husband's abdication

 Emperor Shang
Empress,
of Wang the clan of Taiyuan		 Wang Renjiao,
Duke of Qi		 712 15 August 724,
Deposed		 c.November 724 Emperor Xuanzong
Empress,
of the Zhang clan		 Zhang Quyì  spring 758 May 16, 762 Emperor Suzong
Empress Zhaode,
of the Wang clan		 Wang Yu December 3, 786 December 6, 786 Emperor Dezong
Empress,
of the Zheng clan[o]		 Emperor Wuzong
Empress Xuanmu,
of the He clan		 898 December 4, 900,
Husband's abdication		 22 January 906 Emperor Zhaozong
January 24, 901,
Husband's restoration		 September 22, 904,
Husband's death
Qin
  • Empress Ju
Han (Dingyang)
  • Empress Ju
Xia (619 - 621 A.D.)
Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Spouse
Empress Cao c. 619 3 August 621,

Husband's death

 Dou Jiande
Yan (755 - 763 A.D.)
Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Duan spring 756 spring 757 An Lushan
Empress Xin 759 18 April 761 after 18 April 761 Shi Shiming
Qi (881 - 884 A.D.)
Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Cao 881 July 13, 884 July 13, 884? Huang Chao


Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907 - 960 A.D.)

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Qi (907 – 924 A.D.)

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Name Parents Birth Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Liu Liu Yuehuang 877 907 924,
Husband's deposition		 November 8, 943 Li Maozhen

Former Shu (907 - 925 A.D.)

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Name* Picture Parents Marraige Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Shunde,
of the Zhou clan		 908 July 11, 918,
Husband's death		 October 1, 918 Wang Jian
Empress,
of the Gao clan		 Gao Zhiyan between 913 - 918 918 Unclear,
[note 3]		 Wang Zongyan
Jin Feishan,
Empress,
of the Jin clan		 Jin Ye between 918 - 921 921 Unknown,
Deposed		 926
Unknown,
Reinstated		 925,
Husband's deposition

Yan (911 – 914 A.D.)

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Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Li 911 913 12 February 914 Liu Shouguang
Empress Zhu

Later Liang ( 907- 923 A.D.)

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Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Zhang 912 March 27, 913 Zhu Yougui

Southern Han ( 917- 971 A.D.)

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Name Parents Marraige Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Ma Ma Yin,
King Wumu of Chu		 915 919 935 Liu Yan

Later Tang ( 923 - 927 A.D.)

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Name* Parents Birth Marraige Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Shenminjing,
of the Liu clan[note 4]		 892 or 893 908 923 May 15, 926,
Husband's death		 926 Li Cunxu
Empress Hewuxian,
of the Cao clan		 930 15 December 933,
Husband's death		 January 11, 937 Li Siyuan
Empress Ai,
of the Kong clan		 Kong Xun c.928 933 24 May 934,
Husband's death		 934 Li Conghou
Empress,
of the Liu clan		 Liu Maowei/Liu Maocheng[note 5] 934 January 11, 937 Li Congke

Yang Wu (907 - 937 A.D.)

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Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Spouse
Empress Wang 933 January 21, 939,
Husband's abdication		 Yang Pu

Min (909 – 945 A.D.)

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Name Parents Birth Marraige Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Chen Jinfeng Chen Yan[note 6]
Lady Lu		 893 927 935 17 November 935 Wang Yanjun
Empress Li Chunyan 935 936 August 29, 939,
Husband's death		 August 29, 939? Wang Jipeng
Empress Li Li Zhen 942 April 8, 944,
Husband's death		 944 Wang Yanxi
Empress Zhang[note 7] 945 Wang Yanzheng

Southern Tang ( 937- 976 A.D.)

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Name* Picture Parents Birth Marraige Became Empress/Queen Ceased to be Empress/Queen Death Spouse
Song Wen,
Empress Yuanjing,
of the Song clan		 Song Wen before 927 937 March 30, 943,
Husband's death		 945 Li Bian
Empress Guangmu,
of the Zhong clan		 Zhong Taizhang c. 923 943 961,
Husband's death		 September or October 965 Li Jing
Zhou Ehuang,
Queen Zhaohui,
of the Zhou clan		 Zhou Zong 936 or early 937 961 8 December 964 Li Yu
Queen,
of the Zhou clan		 968 1 January 976,
Husband's death		 975

Later Jin (936 – 947 A.D.)

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Name Parents Birth Marraige Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Li Li Siyuan,
Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
Empress Cao		 prior to 919 c. Late November 936/941[note 8] 28 July 942,
Husband's death		 October 7, 950 Shi Jingtang
Empress Feng Feng Meng 942 943 January 11, 947,
Husband's deposition		 prior to 974 Shi Chonggui

Yin ( 945 - 947 A.D.)

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Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Spouse
Empress Zhang 943 945[note 9] Wang Yanzheng

Later Han (947 – 951 A.D.)

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Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Li 947 March 10, 948,
Husband's death		 954 Liu Zhiyuan

Later Zhou (951 - 960 A.D.)

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Name* Parents Birth Marraige Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Xuanyi,
of the Fu clan		 Fu Yanqing 931 951 23 May 954 29 August 956 Chai Rong
Empress,
of the Fu clan		 17 July 959 27 July 959,
Husband's death		 993

Northern Han (951 – 979 A.D.)

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Name Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress,
of an unknown clan		 951 Liu Chong
Empress,
of the Guo clan		 968 Liu Jun
Empress,
of the Ma clan		 968 Liu Jiyuan

Liao Dynasty (916 - 1125 A.D.)

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Name* Picture Parents Birth Marraige Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Shulü Ping,
Empress Yingtian,
of the Xiao clan[note 10]		 19 October 879 916 6 September 926,
Husband's death		 1 August 953 Abaoji,
Emperor Taizu
Xiao Wen/
Shulü Wen,
Empress Jing'an,
of the Xiao clan[note 11]		 Shilü Shilu/Dilu[note 12] between 923 - 925 927 February 18, 935 Yaogu/
Deguang,
Emperor Taizong
Empress,
of the Zhen clan		 946 947 October 7, 951,
Husband's death		 October 7, 951? Wuyu/
Ruan,
Emperor Shizong
Xiao Sagezhi,
Empress Huaijie,
of the Xiao clan[note 13]		 Shulü Aguzhi 948 October 8, 951
Xiao Chuo/
Xiao Yanyan,
Empress Shèngshén Xuānxiàn,
Empress Ruìzhì,
of the Xiao clan		 Xiao Siwen
Yelü Lübugu,
Princess of Yan		 953 13 October 982,
Husband's death		 29 December 1009 Xian,
Emperor Jingzong
Empress,
of the Xiao clan		 Unknown,
Deposed[note 14]		 Wenshunu/
Longxu,
Emperor Shengzong
Xiao Pusage,
Empress Rende,
of the Xiao clan		 983 1032
Xiao Sanqian,
Empress,
of the Xiao clan		 Unknown,
Deposed[note 15]		 Zhigu/
Zongzhen,
Emperor Xingzong
Xiao Dali,
Empress Renyi,
of the Xiao clan		 28 August 1055,
Husband's death		 1076
Xiao Guanyin,
Empress Xuanyi,
of the Xiao clan		 Xiao Hui
Yelü Shuogu		 1040 1055 13 December 1075 Chala/
Hongji,
Emperor Daozong
Xiao Tansi,
Empress,
of the Xiao clan		 Unknown,
Deposed[note 16]		 1181
Xiao Duolilan,
Empress,
of the Xiao clan		 26 March 1125,
Husband's deposition		 Yanxi,
Emperor Tianzuo

Song dynasty (960- 1279 A.D.)

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Empress Zheng of the Song dynasty
Name* Picture Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Xiaoming,
of the Wang clan		 Wang Rao 942 960 963  Emperor Taizu
Empress Xiaozhang,
of the Song clan		 Song Yanwo
Princess Yongning of the Later Han		 952 968 14 November 976,
Husband's death		 995
Empress Mingde,
of the Li clan		 Li Chuyun
Lady Chen		 960 976 10 January 985 8 May 997,
Husband's death		 1004 Emperor Taizong
Empress Zhangmu,
of the Guo clan[note 17]		 Guo Shouwen
Lady Liang 		 c. 975 991 997 1007 Emperor Zhenzong
Liu E,
Empress Zhangxian Mingsu,
of the clan		 Liu Tong
Lady Pang		 969 997 1012 23 March 1022,
Husband's death		 1033
Empress,
of the Guo clan		 1012 24 December 1024 1033 10 December 1035 Emperor Renzong
Empress Cisheng Guangxian,
of the Cao clan		 1016 1034 30 April 1063,
Husband's death		 November 16, 1079
Empress Xuanren Shenglie,
of the Gao clan		 Gao Chunxian, Prince Chun
Lady Cao		 1032 1046⁠ 1065 25 January 1067,
Husband's death		 1093 Emperor Yingzong
Empress Qinsheng,
of the Xiang clan		 1047 1068 1 April 1085,
Husband's death		 1102 Emperor Shenzong
Empress Zhaoci Shengxian/
Empress Yuanyou,
of the Meng clan		 Meng Yuen 1073 23 June 1092 17 October 1096,
Deposed		 12 May 1131 Emperor Zhezong
Empress Zhaohuai,
of the Liu clan		 1079 1100 23 June 1100,
Husband's death		 1113
Empress Xiangong,
of the Wang clan[note 18]		 1084 1099 1100 1108 Emperor Huizong
Empress Xiansu,
of the Zheng clan[note 19]		 1079 20 March 1110 18 January 1126,
Husband's abdication		 8 October 1130
Empress Renhuai,
of the Zhu clan		 1102 1116 1126 20 March 1127,
Husband's deposition		 1127 Emperor Qinzong
Xing Bingyi,
Empress Xianjie,
of the Xing clan		 1106 1115 15 June 1127[note 20] 26 March 1129,

Husband's deposition

 29 June 1139 Emperor Gaozong
20 April 1129,

Husband's restoration

 29 June 1139
Empress Xiansheng Cilie,
of the Wu clan		 Wu Jin 11 September 1115 18 May 1143 24 July 1162,
Husband's abdication		 12 December 1197
Xia Shenfu,
Empress Chenggong,
of the Xia clan		 1136 1162 16 November 1163 16 November 1163 Emperor Xiaozong
Empress Chengsu,
of the Xie clan		 Xia Ning 1135 12 September 1176 18 February 1189,
Husband's abdication		 13 June 1207
Li Fengniang,
Empress Ciyi,
of the Li clan		 Li Dao
Lady Zhang		 1144 18 February 1189 24 July 1194,
Husband's abdication		 16 July 1200 Emperor Guangzong
Empress Gongshu,
of the Han clan		 1165 25 July 1194 14 December 1200 Emperor Ningzong
Yang Guizhi,
Empress Gongsheng Renlie,
of the Yang clan		 Zhang Shansheng
Yang Cairen		 30 June 1162 1195 29 December 1202 17 September 1224,
Husband's death		 18 January 1233
Xie Daoqing,
Empress Shouhe,
of the Xie clan		 Xie Qubo, Prince of Wei 1210 14 January 1231 17 November 1264,
Husband's death		 1283 Emperor Lizong
Quan Jiu,
Empress,
of the Quan clan		 1241 1261 10 February 1267 15 August 1274,
Husband's death		 1309 Emperor Duzong

Yuan dynasty (1271 - 1368 A.D.)

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Empress Chabi, consort to Kublai Khan
Name Picture Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Chabi,
Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng,
of the Khongirad clan		 Anchen, Prince of Jining Zhongwu of Khongirad 28 January 1216 1239 1271 20 March 1281 Kublai, Emperor Shizu
Nambui,
Empress,
of the Khongirad clan		 Nachen Küregen 1283 18 February 1294,

Husband's death

 Unknown
Bulugan/
Bulukhan,
Empress,
of the Bayad clan		 Torgus Küregen 1305 10 February 1307,

Husband's death

 1307 Temür, Emperor Chengzong
Zhenge,
Empress Xuanci Huisheng,
of the Khongirad clan		 Bengbula 1310 27 January 1311,
Husband's death		 November 1327 Khayishan,
Emperor Wuzong
Radnashiri/
Aradnashiri/
Anashisari,
Empress Zhuangyi Cisheng,
of the Khongirad clan		 7 April 1311 1 March 1320,
Husband's death		 1322 Ayurbarwada,
Emperor Renzong
Sugabala/
Sügebala,
Empress Zhuangjing Yisheng,
of the Khongirad clan		 Ashi Küregen,
Princess Ilig Qaya		 1321 September 4, 1323,
Husband's death		 1327 Shidibala,
Emperor Yingzong
Babukhan,
Empress,
of the Khongirad clan		 Woliuchar or Maizhuhan 1324 15 August 1328,
Husband's death		 Yesün Temür,
Taiding Emperor
Budashiri/
Buddhashiri/
Putashali,
Empress,
of the Khongirad clan		 Diwabala,
Sengge Ragi,
Princess Supreme of Lu		 c. 1307 1324 16 October 1328 26 February 1329,

Husband's abdication

 c. 1340 Tugh Temür,
Emperor Wenzong
8 September 1329,

Husband's Restoration

 2 September 1332,

Husband's death

Babusha,
Empress,
of the Naiman tribe		 Lord Naiman,
Princess Shouning		 1329 1330,

Husband's death

 1330 Khüslen/
Kusalaa/
Küsala,
Emperor Mingzong
Daliyetemishi,
Daritemish,
Empress of the Khongirad clan		 Lord Khongirad 1332 1332,

Husband's death

 1368 Rinchinbal,
Emperor Ningzong
Danashri,
Empress,
of the Kipchak tribe		 El Temür,
Lady Kipchak		 1320 1333 1335,

Deposed

 1335 Toghon Temür, Emperor Huizong
Bayan Khutugh/
Bayan Qudu,
Empress,
of the Khongirad clan		 Bolad Temür 1324 1337 1365
Öljei Khutuk,
Empress Puxian Shusheng,
of the Korean Haengju Gi clan[p]		 Ki Cha-o,
Prince Yeong-an,
Lady Yi of the Iksan Yi clan		 1315 1365 10 September 1368, Dynasty abolished 1369?

Ming dynasty (1368 - 1644 A.D.)

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Empress Xiaocigao, Ming dynasty
Empress Xu, Ming dynasty

Southern Ming (1644 - 1662 A.D.)

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Qing dynasty (1636 - 1912 A.D.)

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Emperor Empress consort* Picture Parents Birth Marraige Became empress consort Ceased to be empress consort Death
Hong Taiji Jerjer, Empress Xiaoduanwen
of the Mongol Borjigit clan
Manggusi
Gunbu		 31 May 1599 28 May 1614 August 1636 21 September 1643
husband's death		 28 May 1649
Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor Erdeni Bumba, Empress
of the Mongol Borjigit clan		 Wukeshan 27 September 1651 25 October 1653
deposed		 Unknown
Alatan Qiqige, Empress Xiaohuizhang
of the Mongol Borjigit clan		 Chuo'erji
Lady Aisin Gioro		 5 November 1641 June/ July 1654 July/August 1654 5 February 1661
husband's death		 7 January 1718
Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor Empress Xiaochengren
of the Manchu Hešeri clan		 Gabula 3 February 1654 October/November 1665 6 June 1674
Empress Xiaozhaoren
of the Manchu Niohuru clan		 Ebilun
Lady Šušu-Gioro		 1653 18 September 1677 18 March 1678
Empress Xiaoyiren
of the Manchu Tunggiya clan		 Guowei
Lady Hešeri		 1676 23 August 1689 24 August 1689
Yinzhen, the Yongzheng Emperor Duoqimuli, Empress Xiaojingxian
of the Manchu Ula-nara clan		 Fiyanggū
Lady Aisin Gioro		 28 June 1681 1691 28 March 1723 29 October 1731
Hongli, the Qianlong Emperor Empress Xiaoxianchun
of the Manchu Fuca clan		 Lirongbao
Lady Gioro		 28 March 1712 3 September 1727 23 January 1738 8 April 1748
Empress
of the Manchu Nara clan		 Narbu
Lady Langgiya		 11 March 1718 2 September 1750 19 August 1766
Yongyan, the Jiaqing Emperor Empress Xiaoshurui
of the Manchu Hitara clan		 He'erjing'e
Lady Wanggiya		 2 October 1760 5 June 1774 12 February 1796 5 March 1797
Empress Xiaoherui
of the Manchu Niohuru clan		 Gūnggala
Lady Yehe Nara		 20 November 1776 1790 27 May 1801 2 September 1820
husband's death		 23 January 1850
Mianning, the Daoguang Emperor Empress Xiaoshencheng
of the Manchu Tunggiya clan		 Sumingga 5 July 1792 2 February 1809 28 December 1822 16 June 1833
Empress Xiaoquancheng
of the Manchu Niohuru clan		 Yiling
Lady Uya 		 24 March 1808 1821 18 November 1834 13 February 1840
Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor Empress Xiaozhenxian
of the Manchu Niohuru clan		 Muyang'a
Lady Giyanggiya		 12 August 1837 1851/late 1840s[note 21] November/December 1852 22 August 1861
husband's death		 8 April 1881
Zaichun, the Tongzhi Emperor Empress Xiaozheyi
of the Manchu Arute clan		 Chongqi 25 July 1854 1872 15 October 1872 12 January 1875
husband's death		 27 March 1875
Zaitian, the Guangxu Emperor Jingfen, Empress Xiaodingjing
of the Manchu Yehe-nara clan		 Guixiang
Lady Aisin Gioro		 28 January 1868 26 February 1889 26 February 1889 14 November 1908
husband's death		 22 February 1913
Puyi, the Xuantong Emperor Wanrong, Empress Xiaokemin
of the Manchu Gobulo clan		 Rongyuan
Hengxin		 13 November 1906 1922 (titular) (titular) 20 June 1946

Empresses dowager

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The title of Empress dowager (皇太后, húangtàihòu) was automatically given to a former Empress consort and widow of an Emperor. The title, Empress dowager, could be granted a widow of an Emperor even when she had not been the Empress consort during the reign of her spouse. Therefore, a separate list is given of the Empresses dowager, which, in some cases, equals the list of Empresses consort, and in other cases, not.

Han dynasty

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Northern Dynasties

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Tang dynasty

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Song dynasty

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Yuan dynasty

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Ming dynasty

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Qing dynasty

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Grand empresses dowager

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Empresses whose titles were granted posthumously

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Sui dynasty

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Tang dynasty

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Song dynasty

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Yuan dynasty

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Ming dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty

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Qing dynasty

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Empress Xiaoyichun, Qing dynasty

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Yang Xianrong was deposed and restored four times each from 304 to 306. Her tenures as empress were as follows:
    • June 301–February 304
    • July–August 304
    • November 304–April 305
    • November 305
    • May 306–January 307
  2. ↑ Her fate after she and her husband were captured by Han-Zhao forces in July 311 is unknown.
  3. ↑ Her husband was overthrown in 338, but it is unknown if she was still alive by this time.
  4. ↑ Adoptive father.
  5. ↑ Adoptive father.
  6. ↑ It is unknown if she was a concubine or wife of Liu Yao before his accession to the throne.
  7. ↑ If she was still alive in 396, she would have been created Empress.
  8. ↑ Yin never held the title of Princess during the reign of her husband Duke Li Gao. She was honoured as princess dowager after his death.
  9. ↑ After her husband declared himself Emperor in 352, she was honored as an empress, although it was not clear whether she was still alive at that point.[1]
  10. ↑ Historical sources did not indicate the year of Empress Wang's birth.
  11. ↑ Her cousin's son Zong Qinke created a number of new characters in December 689, and she chose 曌 as her given name, which became her taboo name when she ascended the throne the next year. Some sources assert that this character was actually written 瞾. Some sources (e.g., Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 47–49) also assert that her original given name was Zhao and that in 689 she only changed the written character, but this is confirmed by neither the Old Book of Tang nor the New Book of Tang, neither of which stated her original given name. Her grandson Li Chongzhao, sometime after she became emperor, changed his name to Li Chongrun to observe naming taboo for her, and the character of "Zhao" in Li Chongzhao's name was 照. See Old Book of Tang, vol. 86 and New Book of Tang, vol. 81.
  12. ↑ She is the only Empress Regnant in Chinese history considered Legitimate
  13. ↑ The birth year given here is deduced from the age at death given in the New Book of Tang, compiled in 1045–1060, which is the date favored by modern historians. The year of birth deduced from the age at death in the Old Book of Tang, compiled in 941–945, is 623. The year of birth deducted from the age at death and the age when she entered the palace, in the Zizhi Tongjian, compiled in 1065–84, is 17 February 624. Compare New Book of Tang, vol. 4 with Old Book of Tang, vol. 6 and Zizhi Tongjian 1084, vols. 195, 208
  14. ↑ Prior to becoming a consort of Emperor Gaozong, she was a consort of his father, Emperor Taizong, with the title of cáirén (才人), meaning 'Lady of Talent', a fifth rank consort of the Emperor[2][3]
  15. ↑ There is no record of her in the Old Book of Tang
  16. ↑ Öljei Khutuk is her Mongolian name.Her birth name is unrecorded

References

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  1. ↑ Xuanling, Fang (648). "卷109" . 晉書 (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
  2. ↑ New Book of Tang, vol. 76
  3. ↑ Old Book of Tang, vol. 51
  4. ↑ Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 38.
  5. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 271
  6. ↑ New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 16.
  7. ↑ Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 69.
  8. ↑ Cite error: The named reference SGCQ94 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ↑ Cite error: The named reference ZZTJ280 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ↑ Cite error: The named reference HFD86 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ↑ Cite error: The named reference NHFD17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. 1 2 3 History of Liao, vol. 71.
  13. ↑ History of Liao, vol. 73. Dilu was not directly referred to as her father, but as her brother Xiao Han was described to be Dilu's son, it was probable that Shilu and Dilu were the same person.
  14. ↑ History of Liao, vol. 20.
  15. ↑ ([景德四年]五月...辛亥，有司上大行皇后谥曰庄穆。) Song Shi, vol.07
  16. ↑ ([庆历四年]十一月...己卯，改上庄穆皇后谥曰章穆，...) Song Shi, vol.11
  17. ↑ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  18. ↑ Qing Shi Gao vol. 214.
  19. ↑ The Imperial Archives of the Qing Palace and Imperial Genealogy of the Qing Imperial Clan made no mention of Lady Niohuru entering the Forbidden City before 1852. Before his coronation, the Xianfeng Emperor had another consort apart from Empress Xiaodexian: Lady Ugiya, who was given the title "Concubine Yun" later.

Bibliography

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  1. ↑ Lady Wang's name was not recorded in her biographies in either Shiji or Han Shu. This name first appeared in Shiji Suoyin by Sima Zhen, citing Huangfu Mi.
  2. ↑ The name "Yuying" (玉英) is not found in historical records.
  3. ↑ In 921, he sent her back to the house of her father Gao Zhiyan, effectively deposing and divorcing her. In shock, Gao Zhiyan stopped eating and died thereafter.[4][5].
  4. ↑ Her Chinese Wikipedia article and a number of modern sources, including, for example, the modern historian Bo Yang, give her name as Liu Yuniang (劉玉娘), but the name was not corroborated by traditional sources.
  5. ↑ Her father's name was given as Liu Maowei (劉茂威) in her biography in the New History of the Five Dynasties,[6] and she had a younger brother named Liu Yanhao, whose biography in the Old History of the Five Dynasties gave their father's name as Liu Maocheng (劉茂成).[7]
  6. ↑ Her biography indicated that Chen Yan was not her biological father. Rather, Chen Yan had a homosexual affair with a young handsome man, Hou Lun (侯倫), who thereafter also had an affair with his concubine Lady Lu, leading to Lady Lu's pregnancy.[8]
  7. ↑ Previously crowned as the Empress of Yin
  8. ↑ According to the Zizhi Tongjian, her creation was immediately upon his taking the throne as the emperor of Later Jin.[9] According to the Wudai Huiyao, the creation did not occur until 941.[10] According to the New History of the Five Dynasties, no formal creation ever occurred during Shi's lifetime.[11]
  9. ↑ Crowned as the Empress of Min
  10. ↑ She was initially given the posthumous name Empress Zhenlie (贞烈皇后/貞烈皇后), which was then changed to Empress Chunqin (淳钦皇后/淳欽皇后) and then finally changed to Empress Yingtian (应天皇后/應天皇后)
  11. ↑ She was initially given the posthumous name of Empress Zhangde (彰德皇后); her eventual posthumous name of Empress Jing'an (靖安皇后) was given by Emperor Xingzong.[12]
  12. ↑ It is uncertain whether her father's personal name was Shilu (室魯/室鲁)[12] or Dilu (敵魯/敵鲁)[13]
  13. ↑ After Yelü Chage's coup was put down by Emperor Shizong's cousin (Emperor Taizong's son) Emperor Muzong, he gave Empress Xiao the posthumous name of Empress Xiaolie (孝烈皇后). After Yelü Xian became emperor in 969 (as the future Emperor Jingzong), he buried both Empresses Zhen and Xiao at Yiwulü Mountain, and built a temple dedicated to them.[12]. In 1052, Emperor Jingzong's grandson Emperor Xingzong changed her posthumous name to Empress Huaijie (懷節皇后/怀節皇后).[14]
  14. ↑ Demoted to the rank of Noble Consort (贵妃/貴妃),due to unspecified crimes
  15. ↑ Demoted to Noble Consort (贵妃/貴妃) due to an unspecified misdeed
  16. ↑ Demoted to Consort of Conferred Kindness (惠妃) for an unknown reason
  17. ↑ Her original posthumous name was Empress Zhuangmu (庄穆皇后)[15] but was changed to Empress Zhangmu (章穆皇后) in 1044[16]
  18. ↑ After her death, she was at first given the Posthumous title of Empress Jinghe (靖和皇后) in 1108, which was changed to Empress Huigong (惠恭皇后) from 1110 and then finally changed to Empress Xiangong (顯恭皇后) in 1137
  19. ↑ After her death, she was at first given the posthumous title of Empress Ningde (寧德皇后) in 1130, which was then changed to Empress Xiansu (顯肅皇后),from an unknown date
  20. ↑ As she was captured by the Jurchens,she was declared to be Empress in absentia[17]
  21. ↑ The auditions for the Xianfeng Emperor's consorts took place in 1851 in the Forbidden City. Lady Niohuru was among the candidates shortlisted by Dowager Consort Kangci, the highest ranked living consort of the Daoguang Emperor at the time. However, some sources claimed that Lady Niohuru entered the Forbidden City in the late 1840s and became a concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor, who was still known as the Fourth Prince then.[18][19]
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