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Latin Emperor

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The Latin emperor was the ruler of the Latin Empire, the historiographical convention for the Crusader realm, established in Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade (1204) and lasting until the city was reconquered by the Byzantine Greeks in 1261. Its name derives from its Catholic and Western European ("Latin") nature. The empire, whose official name was Imperium Romaniae (Latin: "Empire of Romania"), claimed the direct heritage of the Eastern Roman Empire, which had most of its lands taken and partitioned by the crusaders. This claim however was disputed by the Byzantine Greek successor states, the Empire of Nicaea, the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. Out of these three, the Nicaeans succeeded in displacing the Latin emperors in 1261 and restored the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.

Emperor of Constantinople
Imperial
Attributed arms (historically used by Philip of Courtenay)
Last in office
Baldwin II
Early 1228 – 24 July 1261
Details
First monarchBaldwin I
Last monarchBaldwin II
Formation16 April 1204
Abolition25 July 1261
ResidenceBucoleon Palace

Latin emperors of Constantinople, 1204–1261

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   – Co-monarchs
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details Dynasty
bust Baldwin I
Baudouin		 9 May 1204 – 14 April 1205
(11 months and 5 days)		 Son of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut and Margaret I, Countess of Flanders. Crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in the Hagia Sophia July 1172 – 1205/1206
(aged 33–34)
Married to Marie of Champagne (2 daughters). Captured by the Second Bulgarian Empire in the Battle of Adrianople; died in captivity.
House of Flanders
bust Henry
Henri		 20 August 1206 – 11 June 1216
(9 years, 9 months and 22 days)		 Brother of Baldwin I; ruled as regent until the news of his brother's death arrived to Constantinople 1178 – 11 June 1216
(aged 37–38)
Married to Agnes of Montferrat and Maria of Bulgaria. Died of natural causes
House of Flanders
bust Yolanda (♀)
Yolande		 1217 – September 1219
(2 years)		 Sister of Baldwin I and Henry 1175 – September 1219
(aged 44)
Made an alliance with Theodore I Lascaris of the Empire of Nicaea. Died of natural causes.
House of Flanders
bust Peter
Pierre		 1217
(Less than 1 year)		 Brother-in-law of Baldwin I and Henry, son of Peter of Courtenay, also a cousin of King Philip II of France; crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Honorius III on 9 April 1217 Married Yolanda of Flanders (10 children). Captured by the despot of Epirus, Theodore Komnenos Doukas in 1217; died in captivity some time after.
House of Courtenay (Capet)
Regency of Conon de Béthune (1219) and Giovanni Colonna (1220–1221)
bust Robert I 25 May 1221 – early 1228
(6 years)		 Son of Emperor Peter and Yolanda, crowned emperor after an interregnum Married Lady of Neuville. Died of natural causes in the Principality of Achaea while traveling back to Constantinople.
House of Courtenay (Capet)
bust Baldwin II
Baudouin		 early 1228 – 25 July 1261
(33 years)
(24 years, 3 months and 28 days;
without Regency)		 Son of Emperor Peter and Yolanda. Still a child in 1221, he ruled under John's regency until 23 March 1237 late 1217 – October 1273
(aged 56)
Married Marie of Brienne (1 son). Fled during the Reconquest of Constantinople.
House of Courtenay (Capet)
bust John
Jean		 9 April 1229 – 23 March 1237
(7 years, 11 months and 14 days)		 Son of Erard II, Count of Brienne, and father-in-law of Baldwin II, crowned senior co-emperor and regent for Baldwin II 1170 – 23 March 1237
(aged 67)
Married Stephanie of Armenia (1 son) and Berengaria of León (4 children). Only Latin emperor to die in Constantinople.
House of Brienne

Latin emperors of Constantinople in exile, 1261–1383

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Latin Empire was disestablished in 1261, but Latin states in Greece, also known as Frankokratia, continued to recognize Latin emperors in exile as their overlords until 1383.

   – Co-monarchs
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details Dynasty
bust Baldwin II
Baudouin		 25 July 1261 – October 1273
(12 years)		 Last reigning Latin emperor; continued to claim the imperial title after the Reconquest of Constantinople late 1217 – October 1273
(aged 56)
Married Marie of Brienne (1 son). Fled during the Reconquest of Constantinople.
House of Courtenay (Capet)
bust Philip I 1273 – 1283 Son of Baldwin II 1243 – 1283
Married Beatrice of Sicily.
House of Courtenay (Capet)
bust Catherine I (♀) 1283 – 1307 Daughter of Philip I 1274 – 1307
Married Charles.
House of Courtenay (Capet)
bust Charles 1301 – 1307 Husband of Catherine I 1270 – 1325
Son of King Philip III of France.
House of Valois (Capet)
bust Catherine II (♀) 1307 – 1346 Daughter of Catherine I and Charles 1303 – 1346
Married Philip II.
House of Valois (Capet)
bust Philip II 1313 – 1331 Husband of Catherine II 1278 – 1331
Son of King Charles II of Naples.
House of Anjou (Capet)
bust Robert II 1346 – 1364 Son of Catherine II and Philip II 1319 – 1364
Married Marie de Bourbon.
House of Anjou (Capet)
bust Philip III 1364 – 1373 Brother of Robert II 1329 – 1373
Married Maria of Calabria and Elizabeth of Slavonia.
House of Anjou (Capet)
bust James 1373 – 1383 Nephew of Philip III 1354 – 1383
Married Agnes of Durazzo.
House of Baux

James of Baux willed his titular claims to Duke Louis I of Anjou, also claimant to the throne of Naples, but Louis and his descendants never used the title.[1] However, there was further activity in regards to the imperial prerogatives of Latin Emperors. Louis' widow Marie of Blois claimed Achaea before selling the claim to Juan Fernández de Heredia.[2] In 1494 during his invasion of Naples, a new Capetian pretender King Charles VIII of France planned a crusade to claim Constantinople.[3] While his Neapolitan claim from Louis' line, the claim on Constantinople came from Byzantine prince Andreas Palaiologos.

In 1396, King Ladislas of Naples sold the rights to the Principality of Achaea to Pedro de San Superano, the leader of the Navarrese Company, ending the principality's formal vassalage to the Angevins.[4] Ultimately, Pedro did not have the funds to pay Ladislas, and through winning a family inheritance dispute that followed Peter's death in November 1402, Centurione II Zaccaria, a relative of Pedro (nephew of his wife) paid the owed sum, and became the new Prince of Achaea as per the original terms of the sale.[5]

By acquiring the title, Centurione gained the automatic right to claim other Angevin interests in the region, including territories and feudal obligations associated with the Angevin Principality of Achaea.[6] Centurione claimed the Latin imperial title "Despotus Romaniae" due to his possession of the principality, which was historically linked to the Angevin legacy and territorial claims, which included the Latin Empire. This title reflected his assertion of this new authority over regions that were part of the broader Angevin interest zone, which demonstrated his ambition to consolidate and expand his influence in the area.[7]

Coat of arms of Carlo I Tocco as count of Cephalonia and ruler of Epirus

These feudal claims exercised over the existing latin vassals of the once Latin Empire included the right to demand loyalty and tribute from the respective lords, such as the Counts of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, based on previous feudal contracts.[8] one of whom, Carlo I Tocco simply usurped Centurione's title of "Despotus Romaniae" and also began to use it along with the similar but separate title of "Despotus Romeorum," which in fact was later confirmed by the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos.[7]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Will of James of Baux (in French) "Testament de Jacques de Tarente, dernier empereur de Constantinople, en faveur de Louis d'Anjou (15 juillet 1383)"
  2. ↑ Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1975). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Vol. 3. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
  3. ↑ Geanakoplos, Deno (1975). "Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354". The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780299066703.
  4. ↑ Zečević 2014, p. 66.
  5. ↑ Zečević 2014, p. 79.
  6. ↑ Zečević 2014, p. 80.
  7. 1 2 Zečević 2014, p. 92.
  8. ↑ Zečević 2014, p. 79, 80.

Sources

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  • Zečević, Nada (2014) [1968]. The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th – 15th Centuries). Makart. ISBN 978-8687115118.
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