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Knoxville College

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Knoxville College is an unaccredited private historically black college in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It was founded in 1875 by the United Presbyterian Church of North America. The college is a United Negro College Fund member school.

Knoxville College
MottoLet There Be Light
TypePrivate historically black college
EstablishedDecember 16, 1875
AffiliationsPresbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
Endowment$1 million (appx.)[1]
ChairmanDr. Eric Barnes
PresidentVacant
Faculty35 (2010)[2]
Students11 (2015)[3]
Location
Knoxville
,
Tennessee
,
United States

35°58′12″N 83°56′45″W / 35.97000°N 83.94583°W / 35.97000; -83.94583
Campus
  • Urban, 39 acres (16 ha)
ColorsGarnet and blue
NicknameBulldogs
Websitewww.knoxvillecollege.edu
Map

A slow period of decline began in the 1970s and by 2015 the school had an enrollment of just 11 students. In May 2015, the college suspended classes until Fall 2016 term in hopes of reorganizing. On May 17, 2018, the Tennessee Higher Education Commission gave its approval for Knoxville College to reopen and offer classes. On July 1, 2018, Knoxville College website announced resumption of enrolling students for fall 2018 semester. In May 2022, three students graduated.

History

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Origins and establishment

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Knoxville College is rooted in a mission school established in Knoxville in 1864 by R. J. Creswell of the United Presbyterian Church to educate the city's free Black and formerly enslaved people.[4] This school initially met in the First Baptist Church building (which at the time was located on Gay Street) before moving to a permanent facility in East Knoxville in 1866.[4] Despite low support from city leadership and threats from poor whites, the school's enrollment gradually grew to over 100.[4] In addition to black students, the school also had many white students until 1901, when Tennessee passed a law forcibly segregating all schools.[5]

Knoxville College, as it appeared on an 1886 map of Knoxville

In the 1870s, the church's Freedmen's Mission, which had established mission schools for freed slaves across the South, refocused efforts on building a larger, better-equipped school in Knoxville, in part due to stiff competition from other denominations in Nashville.[4] In 1875, the church sold its East Knoxville property and purchased its current property, which at the time consisted of a hill that had been occupied by a Confederate battery during the Civil War.[6] The school's first building, McKee Hall, named for O.S. McKee, was completed in 1876, and the school opened in December of that year.[4] Former governor William G. Brownlow and gubernatorial candidate William F. Yardley spoke at the opening ceremonies.[7]

John Schouller McCulloch was named the school's first principal and Eliza B. Wallace was named the school's principal of female students.[4][8] The new school was primarily a normal school, which trained teachers, but also operated an academy for the education of local children. In 1877, the school was designated a college by the state, to the surprise of McCulloch, as few of the school's students were ready for a college-level curriculum.[4] In 1890, the state designated the school the recipient of its Morrill Act funds for blacks, with which the school established mechanical and agricultural departments.[9]

Medical department (1895–1900)

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Knoxville College Hospital (circa 1907)
Knoxville College Hospital (circa 1907)

There were no medical schools for African Americans prior to the American Civil War, which lasted to 1865.[10] Knoxville College had an early medical department for black students, open from 1895 until 1900.[11][10] The Knoxville College medical department was created through the donation of the "Colored Department" at the University of Tennessee; the "Colored Department" had been founded by the United Presbyterian Church in 1887 for medical training.[10] William Wallace Derrick had been an African American faculty member at Knoxville College and helped establish the short lived medical department.[10] The Knoxville College Hospital was opened in 1907 at 1825 College Street.[12]

After the department closed, the city of Knoxville organized a replacement black medical school in the winter of 1900, named the Knoxville Medical College and led by the city physician, Henry Morgan Green.[10][13]

Development and expansion

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Knoxville College in the early 20th century

In 1901, Knoxville College finally received a state charter.[4] Six years later, the school established the Eliza B. Wallace Hospital, which served a dual purpose of training nurses and tending to the health needs of the local black community. This proved invaluable during the city's Influenza outbreak of 1918.[4]

The Negro Building at the Appalachian Exposition (1910–1911), designed and built by John Henry Michael, Knoxville College faculty and students
The Negro Building at the Appalachian Exposition (1910 to 1911), designed and built by John Henry Michael, Knoxville College faculty and students

In 1913, John Henry Michael, the head of the school's mechanical department, designed the "Negro Building" for the National Conservation Exposition, which was held across town at Chilhowee Park.[14] The building, which is no longer standing, was constructed with the help of Knoxville College students. During World War I, Knoxville College students helped raise money for liberty bonds and the Red Cross.[4] In the aftermath of the Riot of 1919, one of the city's worst racial episodes, the school's administration (comprising black and white members) staunchly defended the city's African American community, and praised its students' restraint.[4]

J. Kelly Giffen, president of the institution from 1918 to 1936, spearheaded development of an internationally acclaimed music program with students performing at concerts across the United States; the revenues raised aided an expansion of the campus.[15] In 1925, students staged a month-long boycott of classes to protest the school's strict behavioral code, culminating in an all-night negotiating session between student leaders and the school's dean, Herbert Telford. Telford agreed to relax some rules, and allowed the creation of a student council.[4] Under Giffen, the athletic program was further developed; a football field and stadium were built in 1924, followed by a gymnasium in 1927, which allowed the introduction of varsity basketball.[15]

The college was significantly challenged by the Depression and World War II, with the effects exacerbated by leadership instability.[15][16] In October 1940, John A. Cotton was appointed temporary president, becoming the college's first Black leader and the first alumnus to lead the institution.[17][18] In May 1942, following an incapacitating heart attack, he resigned on health grounds and died from another heart attack the following year.[19][20] In November 1942, William Lloyd Imes became the second alumnus and first regular Black president of Knoxville College, taking office the following April.[21] Imes resigned to return to his ministry in June 1947,[22] and was succeeded by John Reed Miller,[23] who oversaw the modernization of the college's buildings; under Miller, Knoxville College secured an "A" rating in December 1949 from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).[24] By Miller's departure in August 1950, however, the college had sold portions of its land to raise funds and was on the verge of bankruptcy.[15][25]

James A. Colston, who assumed the presidency in June 1951, orchestrated a successful turnaround and expansion of the college.[15] During his 15-year tenure, Knoxville College enjoyed financial stability and unprecedented growth.[25][15] In 1957, it became among the first predominantly black institutions admitted to full membership in the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).[9] Throughout the summer of 1960, students engaged in a series of sit-ins to protest segregation at lunch counters in downtown Knoxville, eventually convincing most downtown businesses to integrate.[26] The school's charter was amended in 1962 to allow the admission of white students.[4] In the decade after Colston took office, Knoxville College saw enrollment more than double from 267 students to 652 in 1961, with the number of faculty rising from 20 to 39.[27] By 1964, a faculty residence, a student union and cafeteria, four dormitories, and a science building had been built.[27] In 1966, Colston left to become the president of Bronx Community College; by then, Knoxville College had ten new buildings, a population of 907 students, and 198 faculty.[25][16][28]

Instability, decline, and period of rejuvenation

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In November 1966, Robert L. Owens III, formerly dean of the graduate school at Southern University, succeeded Colston as president and took office in February 1967.[29] His controversial tenure, ending with his forced resignation in June 1971, burdened the college's finances.[27][30][31][32] As the college lacked modern athletic facilities, Owens oversaw construction of a new gymnasium and football stadium.[33] The construction projects, however, increased the college's debt burden, notably the construction of the 10-story Martin Luther King Jr. Towers, a coeducational dormitory and dining facility that opened in November 1969 and cost approximately $4 million.[31][34] To recover the costs of the new dormitory towers, Knoxville College under Owens recruited students, raising enrollments to a peak of about 1,300 students in 1970, but placing strains on the college's environment; it was subsequently found that some of those enrolled were ineligible for admission, forcing the college administration to expel over 200 students.[31] The college reportedly came close to losing accreditation in 1970.[30]

As with other HBCUs during the 1970s, Knoxville College's existing financial challenges were worsened by competition from better funded and predominantly white institutions, general increases in operating costs, and the effects of the 1973–1975 recession.[31][35][36] In addition, funding from the Presbyterian Church declined, and a succession of short and unstable administrations sent the institution into an over decade-long decline.[31]

Accreditation loss, reorganization attempts, and closure

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June 1, 1997, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools withdrew Knoxville College's accreditation; enrollment dropped precipitously and the school's financial situation became dire.[1] As enrollment plummeted, the school's debt skyrocketed and it was soon unable to pay its faculty or electric bills. Throughout the rest of the 1990s, as enrollment plummeted, most campus buildings were shuttered and abandoned, with most degree programs being discontinued. In August 2005, the school's Board of Trustees fired the school's president, Barbara Hatton.[1]

Following Hatton's removal, the school's alumni association embarked on an aggressive fundraising campaign in 2006 and 2007 to save the college and return it to solvency.[1] In January 2010, the school hired Horace A. Judson as interim president. Judson implemented a new strategic plan with the following goals: (1) regain accreditation, (2) achieve fiscal stability, (3) develop academic program distinctiveness, (4) develop a department of enrollment management, (5) develop a quality student-centered living and learning environment, and (6) establish new relationships and strengthen former ones among key constituents.[37]

However, Judson soon left and the college continued to struggle. On June 9, 2014, the Environmental Protection Agency seized control of the long-shuttered A.K. Stewart Science Hall to conduct an emergency clean-up of toxic chemicals that the college had improperly stored in laboratories;[38] In early 2015 state accreditation for the college was withdrawn, further complicating the college's already strained finances.[39] In April 2015, the school announced it was suspending classes for the Fall 2015 term in hopes of reorganizing. Enrollment had dwindled to just 11 students, and the college was struggling to pay back a $4.5 million loan from 2003 and more than $425,000 to the federal government for the Stewart Science Hall cleanup.[40] In May 2015, the school announced classes would resume in the Fall 2016 term.[41]

In May 2016, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation recommended the college become a state Superfund site due to ongoing contamination concerns from the Stewart Science Hall.[42] In September 2016, the City of Knoxville demanded that Knoxville College make repairs to fourteen of its buildings within 90 days or face condemnation.[43] City crews subsequently boarded up the buildings. The Knoxville Fire Department responded to between four and five fires at abandoned buildings on campus in 2016, and estimated that since the buildings began falling into disuse after 1997, they had responded to twenty or thirty such fires there.[44]

As of August 2018, most of the campus sits abandoned, in an advanced state of disrepair. Most buildings are open to vagrants and vandals. This has caused severe damage to the buildings. The former college center has been set on fire twice. Since early 2018, the college administrative offices are back on campus again, occupying the college Annex which is next to McMillan Chapel. Plans have been made to renovate McMillan Chapel and the Alumni Library.[45][46]

In 2023, Knoxville College's Vice President Dasha Lundy has been on a team working in collaboration with the University of Tennessee, Morris Brown College in Atlanta and other schools, to regain their accreditation by 2024 which is Knoxville College’s main priority now.[47] In August 2024, the college applied for accreditation with the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools.[48]

Campus

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Knoxville College Historic District
McKee Hall
Knoxville College is located in Tennessee
Knoxville College
Knoxville College is located in the United States
Knoxville College
Area14.5 acres (5.9 ha)
NRHP reference No.80003841[49]
Added to NRHPMay 1, 1980

Knoxville College is situated on a 17-building, 39-acre (16 ha) campus, located atop a hill overlooking the Mechanicsville neighborhood, just northwest of Knoxville's downtown area. Along with administration and classroom buildings, the campus includes a performing arts center, a gymnasium, a library, a chapel, and a student center. The school maintains dormitories for on-campus students, as well as a president's house, and cottages and apartments for faculty.[50]

Knoxville College Historic District

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In 1980, eight buildings on the Knoxville College campus received recognition for having a role in minority education on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.[51] Many of the earliest buildings were constructed using student labor, student-made bricks, and lumber donated by alumni.[52] The district includes the following buildings:

  • McKee Hall, the oldest building on campus, originally built in 1876, largely rebuilt in 1895 following a fire. The building is named for O.S. McKee who had established the first school for African-American children in Nashville in 1862. This building currently houses administration offices.[53]
  • The President's House, built in the late 1880s. The house was originally built of wood, but brick siding was added in 1905.[53]
  • Wallace Hall, built in 1890 as an orphanage.[53] This building is named for Eliza B. Wallace, the school's principal of female students, 1877–1897.
  • Elnathan Hall, built in 1898 following the destruction by fire of the original Elnathan Hall, and altered in 1905 and 1971. This building has served variously as a women's dorm, administration building, and classroom building. It was destroyed by fire on November 4, 2024.[54]
  • Two Faculty cottages, 1005 and 1009 College Street, both built in the Bungalow style in 1906.[53]
  • McMillan Chapel, built in 1913, designed by Knoxville College alumnus, William Thomas Jones. Along with church services, the chapel served as the campus's primary performance venue. Notable guests who have delivered speeches at the chapel include George Washington Carver, Countee Cullen, W. E. B. Du Bois, Jesse Owens, William H. Hastie and Jackie Robinson.[55]
  • Giffen Memorial Gymnasium, built in 1929.[53]

In 2016, the preservationist group Knox Heritage placed the Knoxville College Historic District on its "Fragile Fifteen," a list of endangered Knoxville-area historic properties.[56]

Freedmen's Mission Historic Cemetery

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The Freedmen's Mission Historic Cemetery, at the corner of Booker and College, is a historic African-American burial ground on the campus.[57]

Administration

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A 16-member board of trustees oversees Knoxville College. Its chairman is Dr. Eric Barnes.[40] The board includes representatives from the Knoxville College National Alumni Association. The board appoints the president, who is the school's chief administrator.

On December 5, 2024, it was announced that Dr. Rotesha Harris would be the college's 32nd President.[58] However, she left the role after less than a year.[59]

Leaders

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(* indicates alumnus)
Name Tenure
J. P. Wright (Superintendent) September 1875 – August 1877[60]
John S. McCulloch (President) August 1877 – July 1899[60]
Ralph W. McGranahan August 1899 – July 1918[60]
J. Kelly Giffen August 1918 – July 1936[60]
Samuel M. Laing October 1936 – October 1940[60]
John A. Cotton* October 1940 – June 1942[60]
William Lloyd Imes* November 1942 – June 1947[21][22]
John Reed Miller July 1947 – August 1950[23]
R. D. Case (interim) August 1950 – June 1951[23]
James A. Colston June 1951 – July 1966[61][25]
Robert L. Owens III November 1966 – June 1971[29][30]
Hardy Liston Jr. (interim) June 1971 – April 1972[16]
Edward J. Brantley April 1972 – June 1975[62][35]
Robert H. Harvey (interim) June 1975 – July 1976[63][64]
Rutherford H. Adkins August 1976 – January 1981[63]


Academics

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As of 2010, Knoxville College offered two degrees: the four-year Bachelor of Liberal Studies, and the two year Associate of Arts. The Bachelor of Liberal Studies includes one of four areas of concentration: Humanities, Business and Computer Sciences, Natural Sciences and Mathematics, or Social and Behavioral Sciences.[2] The curriculum further requires 15 to 18 semester hours of specialization within each concentration, providing for a more in-depth understanding of a particular field.[2]

Knoxville College followed a debt-free policy that allowed students to complete the degree program without the accumulation of debt. This was accomplished primarily through its College Work Program, which allowed students to offset much of their tuition costs by working for several hours per week. This program involved a mix of performing various tasks around campus, community involvement, and internship programs.[2]

Student life

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Omega Psi Phi monument

Knoxville College's Student Government Association (SGA), which was elected by the student body, acted as a liaison between students and campus administration. The SGA was led by a president, elected for one term.[65]

Student activities included a dance team, a debate team, a choir, and a trivia team (which competed with other HBCUs in the Honda Bowl Competition). The school's newspaper, The Aurora, was published for over a century. The college also maintained a student ambassador program and wellness program that provided volunteer services for the surrounding community.[65]

After 1997, Knoxville College dropped most athletics programs due to declining enrollment, but as part of its reorganization, hopes to re-establish men's and women's basketball teams, as well as a cheerleading squad.[65]

Notable alumni

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Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
William Coffee Cryptographer [66]
George E. Curry Editor-in-chief of the National Newspaper Publishers Association news service (NNPA) and BlackPressUSA.com, and had served as chairman of the board of trustees at Knoxville College
Michael Eric Dyson Attended, but transferred Professor of sociology at Georgetown University, author, media commentator, talk radio show host [67]
Lillie England Lovinggood 1889? Writer and teacher [68]
C. Virginia Fields 1967 Social worker and former Borough President of Manhattan, New York
Johnny Ford Mayor of Tuskegee, Alabama
Jake Gaither 1927 Florida A&M University football coach who won more than 85 percent of his games over a 24-year period, from 1945 to 1969. Member of College Football Hall of Fame
Grady Jackson 1997 Former defensive tackle in the National Football League
Vernon Jarrett 1941 First African-American columnist for the Chicago Tribune and former president of the National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ) [69]
Ken Johnson Former defensive end in the National Football League
Lyman T. Johnson Educator and influential leader of racial desegregation in the state of Kentucky during the 1940s
Edith Irby Jones First female president of the National Medical Association
Mildred Kelly 1949 First Black woman to serve as a US Army sergeant major and command sergeant major
Willie E. May 1968 Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology [70]
Samuel J. W. Spurgeon 1880s Christian minister, newspaper publisher, and editor [71]
Ralph Wiley Noted author, speaker, and sports columnist for The Oakland Tribune, Sports Illustrated, and ESPN
Palmer Williams Jr. Actor, recurring role in Tyler Perry's House of Payne [72]

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Reginald Stuart, Knoxville College Still in the Dark But Seeing Light, 28 April 2009. Retrieved: 7 April 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Knoxville College Catalog, 2008-2010 Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: 7 April 2011.
  3. ↑ Peter Jacobs, , Business Insider, 15 April 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cynthia Fleming, "Knoxville College: A History and Some Recollections of the First Fifty Years," East Tennessee Historical Society Publications, Vol. 58-59 (1986-1987), pp. 89-111.
  5. ↑ Booker, Robert (December 27, 2016). "White students attended Knoxville College in early days". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  6. ↑ Digby Gordon Seymour, Divided Loyalties: Fort Sanders and the Civil War in East Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1963), p. 108.
  7. ↑ East Tennessee Historical Society, Lucile Deaderick (ed.), Heart of the Valley: A History of Knoxville, Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976), p. 41.
  8. ↑ East Tennessee Historical Society, Mary Rothrock (ed.), The French Broad-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1972), pp. 318-319.
  9. 1 2 Lois Clark and Lowell Giffen, "Knoxville College," An Encyclopedia of East Tennessee (Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Children's Museum of Oak Ridge, 1981), pp. 274-275.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Watson, Wilbur (December 2, 2017). Against the Odds: Blacks in the Profession of Medicine in the United States. Routledge. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-351-53334-8.
  11. ↑ "Grave robbing not confined to movies in city's history". The Knoxville News-Sentinel. October 30, 2007. p. 11. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  12. ↑ Booker, Robert J. (2010). The Story of Mechanicsville (1875–2008).
  13. ↑ Booker, Robert (November 18, 2020). "Tennessee Medical College Lasted 25 Years, Had Ties with LMU". The Knoxville News-Sentinel. pp. A21. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  14. ↑ Spurlock, Dreck Wilson (2004). African-American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865–1945. New York: Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 9781135956295.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Booker, Robert J. (May 16, 1993). "Service to the community for more than a century". Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. 1 2 3 Vines, Georgiana (November 21, 1971). "Knoxville College Proud Of Growth: It Won't Give Up When Others Do". Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ "Negro Heads Knox College Temporarily". Knoxville Journal. September 21, 1940. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ↑ "Temporary President of Knoxville College Is Former Student". Knoxville News-Sentinel. October 20, 1940. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ↑ "Knoxville College Head Resigns Due To Illness". Knoxville Journal. May 22, 1942. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ "Dr. Cotton Dies At Durham". Knoxville Journal. June 18, 1943. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. 1 2 "Dr. W. L. Imes Named Knox College President". Knoxville Journal. November 19, 1942. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. 1 2 "Dr. Imes Resigns At Knox College". Knoxville News-Sentinel. June 2, 1947. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. 1 2 3 "Dr. J. R. Miller Accepts New Pastorate". Knoxville Journal. August 23, 1950. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ "Knoxville College Will Confer Degrees On 67 Seniors On Institution's Diamond Jubilee". Knoxville News-Sentinel. May 21, 1950. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Veal, Kaye Franklin (June 26, 1966). "Challenge Met At Knoxville College, Dr. Colston Takes Up a New One". Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ Proudfoot, Merrill (1962). Diary of a Sit-In. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780252060625. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  27. 1 2 3 Moss, Bill (October 27, 1984). "Knox College Has Faced Uphill Battle Since It Hit a Peak In Mid-'50s, '60s". Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ↑ "KC Has Record Freshman Class". Knoxville News-Sentinel. August 28, 1966. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. 1 2 "Owens Sets High Goal For KC". Knoxville News-Sentinel. November 4, 1966. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. 1 2 3 "KC To Pick Interim President by Fall: To Succeed Dr. Owens". Knoxville News-Sentinel. May 5, 1971. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 Diskey, Jay (February 21, 1988). "Knoxville College: A Battered History, A Promising Future". Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ↑ Diskey, Jay (February 21, 1988). "Knoxville College: A Battered History, A Promising Future (2)". Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ DeLozier, Stan (August 18, 1968). "Knoxville College Needs Recreational Facilities". Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ "KC To Begin Use of King Towers". Knoxville News-Sentinel. November 11, 1969. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. 1 2 Powell, Anne (June 12, 1975). "KC In Funds Crisis, Chairman Warns". Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ↑ Powell, Anne (June 12, 1975). "KC In Funds Crisis, Chairman Warns (2)". Knoxville News-Sentinel. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ↑ Horace Judson, President's Update, Knoxville College Today, 28 March 2010. Retrieved: 7 April 2011.
  38. ↑ "Federal Agencies Begin Cleaning Up Hazardous Materials at Knoxville College Lab Building[dead link]," WATE.com, 9 June 2014.
  39. ↑ "Knoxville College takes 'first step' in process to restore campus". Eu.knoxnews.com. October 12, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  40. 1 2 Megan Boehnke, "Knoxville College to Suspend Fall Classes," Knoxville News Sentinel, 13 April 2015.
  41. ↑ "Knoxville College Suspends Classes Until Fall 2016," Knoxville News Sentinel, 5 May 2015.
  42. ↑ S. Heather Duncan, "Knoxville College's Environmental Problems Complicate Redevelopment Plans," Knoxville Mercury, 8 June 2016.
  43. ↑ Boehnke, Megan (September 16, 2016). "Knoxville College has 90 days to make building repairs". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  44. ↑ Habegger, Becca (September 30, 2016). "KFD: Fire shows Knoxville College campus buildings pose threat". wbir.com. Retrieved January 21, 2017.[dead link]
  45. ↑ "Abandoned College Campus: Dorms and Student Union". YouTube.com. TheProperPeople. January 26, 2017. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
  46. ↑ "Abandoned College Campus: Chemicals and Specimens Left Behind". YouTube.com. TheProperPeople. January 20, 2017. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
  47. ↑ Turner, Devarrick (February 24, 2023). "Knoxville College leader says historic school sets 'path to liberation' for Black students". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  48. ↑ Unglesbee, Ben (August 30, 2024). "Knoxville College takes a step toward accreditation nearly 30 years in the making". Higher Ed Dive. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  49. ↑ "National Register Information System – (#80003841)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  50. ↑ Knoxville College - Campus Map Archived November 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
  51. ↑ Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com - Knox County Historic Districts. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
  52. ↑ A Brief History of Knoxville College. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 Nancy Curtis, Black Heritage Sites: The South (Nancy C. Curtis, 1996), pp. 222-223.
  54. ↑ Riley, Sarah; Wilusz, Ryan; Thompson, Myron (November 4, 2024). "Huge fire leaves historic Knoxville College building in ruins". Knox News. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  55. ↑ Robert Booker, "Spotlight on Knoxville College's McMillan Chapel Again," Knoxville News Sentinel, 28 May 2013. Retrieved: 28 May 2013.
  56. ↑ Coury Turczyn, "Knox Heritage Announces the 2016 'Fragile Fifteen'," Knoxville Mercury, 16 May 2016.
  57. ↑ "Cemetery Group Slates Cleanup". The Knoxville Journal. May 26, 1956. p. 2. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  58. ↑ "Knoxville College, historically Black school, names new president • Tennessee Lookout". Tennessee Lookout. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  59. ↑ Dunbar, Hayden. "Knoxville College's president leaves after less than a year". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dunlap, Mollie E.; Williamson, Anne O'H., eds. (June 1947). "Institutions of Higher Learning Among Negroes in the United States of America: A Compendium". Negro College Quarterly. 5 (2). Wilberforce University: 192–193. Retrieved May 24, 2026.
  61. ↑ "Dr. James A. Colston Named Knoxville College President". Knoxville News-Sentinel. March 7, 1951. Retrieved May 24, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ↑ "E. J. Brantley Appointed KC President". Knoxville News-Sentinel. April 9, 1972. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  63. 1 2 "Adkins Is Named 12th President of Knoxville College". Knoxville News-Sentinel. July 1, 1976. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  64. ↑ "Adkins Is Named 12th President of Knoxville College (2)". Knoxville News-Sentinel. July 1, 1976. Retrieved May 25, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  65. 1 2 3 Knoxville College - Campus Organizations Archived 2011-03-02 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
  66. ↑ "About Us". Nsa.gov. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  67. ↑ "Manning Marable: A Brother, a Mentor, a Great Mind". Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  68. ↑ Afro-American encyclopaedia, or, The thoughts, doings, and ... - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library. Mind and matter. Nashville, Tenn. March 25, 2020. hdl:2027/inu.30000029292855. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  69. ↑ "Vernon Jarrett Videotape Collection | Chicago Public Library". Chipublib.org. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  70. ↑ "May confirmed as NIST director, Commerce under secretary". July 22, 2017.
  71. ↑ Johnson, William Decker (1897). "XXIV. Samuel James Wheeler Spurgeon". Biographical Sketches of Prominent Negro Men and Women of Kentucky. pp. 44–45.
  72. ↑
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