Kayqubad III (Old Anatolian Turkish: كَیقُباد سوم or ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Kayqubād bin Farāmurz; Persian: علاء الدین کیقباد بن فرامرز) was briefly sultan of the Sultanate of Rum between the years of 1298 and 1302. He was a nephew of the deposed Mesud II and had strong support among the Seljuk Turks. As sultan he was a vassal of the Mongols and exercised no real power.
| Kayqubad III | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Rare dirham of Kayqubad III minted in Ladik (nowadays Denizli). | |||||
| Seljuq sultan of Rum | |||||
| Reign | 1298–1301/2 | ||||
| Predecessor | Mesud II | ||||
| Successor | Mesud II | ||||
| Born | c. 1283 | ||||
| Died | 1302 | ||||
| Issue | Mesud III Kilij Arslan V Gawhari Naima Khatun | ||||
| |||||
| House | House of Seljuq | ||||
Reign
editHe first appears circa 1283 as a pretender to the Seljuk throne. He was recognized by the Turkish Karamanids, but he was defeated by vizier Fakhr al-Din Ali and Kaykhusraw III and sought refuge in Cilician Armenia.[1] Nothing is known of his movements again until 1298, when he was appointed to the sultanate by the Ilkhan Mahmud Ghazan upon the downfall of Masud II. He purged the Seljuq administration of his predecessor’s men with extreme violence and became deeply unpopular; as a result when he visited the Ilkhan in 1302, he was executed and replaced with his predecessor Mesud II in order to keep the peace.[2]
Participation in the Siege of Karacahisar
editSeljuk Sultan Alâeddin Kayqubad III is said to have given Osman the title Ḥaḍrat ʻUthmān ghāzī marzubān 'âli jâh ʻUthmān Shāh (the honourable conqueror and border guardian Osman Shah)[3] for inciting a holy war against the Byzantine tekfurs, as in Karacahisar. Further, he also bestowed upon Osman the governance of all the land he had conquered as well as the towns of Eskişehir and İnönü and exempting Osman from all types of taxes. Finally, Osman also received several traditional gifts reflecting the new high stature to the Seljuk court, including a golden war banner, a Mehter (war drum), a Tuğ (a pole with circularly arranged horse tail hairs), a tassel, a gilded sword, a loose saddle, and one hundred thousand Dirhams.[4][5] The decree also included the recognition of Osman's right to be mentioned in the Friday khuṭbah in all lands subject to him, and was permitted to mint coins in his name,[6] making him essentially a sultan, only lacking the title.[7]
It is told that when drums were beaten announcing Sultan Kayqubad's arrival, Osman stood up in glorification, and remained so till the march music halted. Since that day, Ottoman soldiers enacted standing in glorification for their Sultan whenever drums were beaten.[8][9]
Sources
edit- ↑ Claude Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history, trans. J. Jones-Williams, (New York: Taplinger, 1968) p. 294
- ↑ Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey, pp. 300f
- ↑ al-Shinnāwī, ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz Muḥammad (1980). al-Dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah: Dawlah Islāmīyah Muftara ʻalayhā [The Ottoman Empire: A slandered Islamic state] (in Arabic). Vol. I. Cairo: The Anglo Egyptian Bookshop. p. 39. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ↑ Öztuna, Yılmaz (1988). Mawsūʻat tārīkh al-Imbarāṭūrīyah al-ʻUthmānīyah al-siyāsī wa-al-ʻaskarī wa-al-ḥaḍārī [Encyclopedia of the political, military and cultural history of the Ottoman Empire] (in Arabic). Vol. I. Translated by Salman, Adnan Mahmud (1st ed.). Istanbul: Faisal Finance Institution. p. 91.
- ↑ Akgündüz, Ahmet; Öztürk, Said (2008). al-Dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah al-majhūlah: 303 sūʼal wa-jawāb tuwaḍiḥ ḥaqāʼiq ghāʼibah ʻan al-dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah [The unknown Ottoman Empire: 303 questions and answers clarifying missing facts about the Ottoman Empire] (in Arabic). Istanbul: Ottoman Researches Foundation. p. 46. ISBN 978-975-7268-39-0. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
- ↑ Dehaish, ʻAbd al-Laṭīf bin ʻAbd Allāh (1995). Qiyām al-Dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah [Rise of the Ottoman Empire] (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Mecca: Maktabat wa-Maṭbaʻat al-nahḍah al-ḥadīthah. pp. 26–27. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ↑ Farīd, Muḥammad (2006). Tārīkh al-Dawlah al-ʻAlīyah al-ʻUthmānīyah [History of the Exalted Ottoman State] (in Arabic) (10th ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Nafa'is. p. 118. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019.
- ↑ al-Qusṭanṭīnī, Muṣṭafa bin 'Abd Allāh (Kâtip Çelebi) (2003). Fadhlakat aqwāl al-akhyār fī ʻilm al-tārīkh wa-al-akhbār [A historiographical compendium of what was told by the good folk] (in Arabic). Sohag: South Valley University. pp. 133–134. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
- ↑ al-Nahrawālī, Qutb al-Dīn Muhammad bin Ahmad (1996). kitāb al-aʻlām bi aʻlām bayt Allāh al-Ḥ̣arām [A book of Biographies from the land of the Sacred House of God] (in Arabic). Mecca: al-Maktabah al-tijārīyah. p. 265. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
External links
edit- Prof. Dr. Mehmet Eti. "Seljuqs of Rum, Kay-Qubadh III, silver dirham". Archived from the original on 2008-08-01.