James John Howard Gregory (November 7, 1827 – February 20, 1910) was an American educator, horticultural businessman, writer, politician and philanthropist from Marblehead, Massachusetts. After working as a teacher and school principal, he founded the seed company James J. H. Gregory & Son in 1854. The business sold vegetable and flower seeds and was associated with the Hubbard squash, the cherry tomato and the Danvers onion. Gregory was known as the "Seed King of Marblehead".
James J. H. Gregory | |
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 Gregory at Amherst College, class of 1849 | |
| Born | James John Howard Gregory November 7, 1827 |
| Died | February 20, 1910 (aged 82) Marblehead, Massachusetts, U.S. |
Burial place | Waterside Cemetery, Marblehead, Massachusetts |
| Other name | "Seed King of Marblehead" |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupations |
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| Known for |
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| Title | Massachusetts State Senator |
| Term | 1876–1877 |
| Spouses | Eliza Candler Bubier
(m. 1863; died 1876)Harriet Roundey
(m. 1878; died 1894)Sarah Lydia Caswell (m. 1895) |
| Children | 4, adopted |
| Signature | |
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Gregory served as a Marblehead selectman and as a Massachusetts State Senator from 1876 to 1877. He wrote practical works on vegetable gardening and soil fertility. Through his philanthropy he supported local projects in Marblehead and education for African Americans, including the Gregory Normal School in Wilmington, North Carolina, and the Marblehead Libraries, a travelling library service for African-American schools and colleges in the southern United States.
Biography
editEarly life
editJames John Howard Gregory was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, on November 7, 1827, to James Adams Gregory and Ruth Gregory (née Roundey).[1][2] His father worked as a justice of the peace and customs officer in Marblehead.[2]
Education and teaching
editGregory attended public schools in Marblehead and studied for two years at Middlebury College.[3] He taught at Marblehead Academy and the Farm School before graduating from Amherst College in 1850.[2] After graduating, he taught in Marblehead and Lunenburg.[3] From 1851 to 1854, he was principal of Derby Academy in Hingham, Massachusetts.[2]
Seed business
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In 1854, Gregory began operating James J. H. Gregory & Son from his home.[1][2] According to a local account, he responded to an advertisement in New England Farmer seeking squash seed.[4] He sent seed that his father had received from their neighbour Elizabeth "Marm" Hubbard. The variety was named the Hubbard squash and became popular.[4]
Gregory was an early user of seed catalogues in his business. He packaged seeds in paper envelopes, with illustrations used to identify the contents.[4] According to the Victory Horticultural Library, he developed the first cherry tomato and was a distributor of the Danvers onion.[2] He also developed other vegetable and plant varieties.[5] He was among the leading seed sellers in the United States and was known as the "Seed King of Marblehead".[6][4]
As the business grew, Gregory moved a fish-drying house from Gerry Island to 59 Elm Street in Marblehead for use as a seed-drying warehouse.[2][4] Known as the "Squash House", the building survived into the 21st century.[4]
Writing
editPolitics
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Gregory was elected to the Board of Selectmen in Marblehead in 1861 and 1868. He was a Republican and served as a Massachusetts State Senator from 1876 to 1877,[8] representing the 2nd Essex district.[9] He was elected by the joint vote of the Republican and Prohibition parties.[8]
Philanthropy
editGregory limited his annual personal expenses to $300 and donated the rest of his income.[5] In 1907, he retired and devoted his time to philanthropy.[8]
Gregory gave art to local schools and churches,[1] provided the land that became Fountain Park, and donated the bell and clock for Abbot Hall when it became Marblehead's town hall.[2][4]
In 1880, Gregory anonymously gave funds under the name "Howard" for a predominantly Black Congregational church in Wilmington, North Carolina. His support followed his involvement with the American Missionary Association and his interest in the needs of freedpeople after the American Civil War. His identity was disclosed during the church's 1881 dedication. The church, originally named Christ's Congregational Church, later became known as Gregory Congregational Church.[5]
Gregory also supported African-American education. In 1883, he made a donation to the Wilmington Normal School, a high school for African Americans in Wilmington.[10] The school was renamed the Gregory Normal School after his contribution.[11]
Marblehead Libraries
editIn 1910, Gregory founded the Marblehead Libraries, a travelling library service for more than 50 African-American schools and colleges in the southern United States.[1][2] The service continued for 20 years with funds donated by Gregory.[12] In the same year, Gregory funded a librarian apprentice program at the Louisville Free Public Library in Louisville, Kentucky, which operated until 1929.[2]
Personal life and death
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Gregory married three times and had four adopted children.[1][2] He married Eliza Candler Bubier on December 30, 1863. They adopted three children, James, Edgar and Annie, from a South Boston orphanage.[2] After Eliza's death, he adopted a second daughter, Laura. In 1878, Gregory married Harriet Roundey, who died in 1894. In 1895, he married Sarah Lydia Caswell, who died in 1922.[2]
Gregory wrote poetry, some of which was published in Essex Antiquarian. His poem "Ode to Evelyn" was written in memory of his granddaughter, Evelyn Burroughs.[2] Gregory also collected Native American artefacts and wrote an article about the collection for Essex Antiquarian.[6]
Gregory built a coastal house on Peach's Point in Marblehead. He invited President James A. Garfield to use the house during the summer of 1881, but Garfield declined.[2]
Gregory died on February 20, 1910. He was buried in Waterside Cemetery in Marblehead.[2] His will established a fund in Marblehead to provide payments to new mothers of twins born during the year.[13] Gregory Street, on the Townside Harbor Front in Marblehead, was named for him.[2]
Publications
edit- Onion Raising: What Kinds to Raise, and the Way to Raise Them (Boston: A. Williams & Company, 1865)
- Squashes: How to Grow Them (New York: Orange Judd Company, c. 1867)
- Pamphlets on Vegetable Gardening (Marblehead, Mass: Messenger Steam Printing House, 1867–1883)
- Cabbages: How to Grow Them (New York: Orange Judd Company, c. 1870)
- Carrots, Mangold Wurtzels and Sugar Beets (Marblehead, Mass: N.A. Lindsey & Co., c. 1877)
- Fertilizers (Boston: Rand, Avery & Company, 1885)
- Cabbages and Cauliflowers: How to Grow Them (Boston: S. J. Parkhill & Co., 1908)
References
edit- 1 2 3 4 5 "James J.H. Gregory". Marblehead Magazine. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Kelley Worrell, Shari; Lovett Gregory Kelley Flude, Norma. "James J. H. Gregory: A Timeline of his life". Saveseeds.org. Victory Horticultural Library. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
- 1 2 Gregory, Edgar (1916). "Gregory, James J. H.". In Bailey, Liberty Hyde (ed.). The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. New York: Macmillan. p. 1578.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Peterson, Pam. "J.J.H. Gregory, Marblehead's 'Seed King'". Wicked Local. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
- 1 2 3 Steelman, Ben. "Gregory relative to talk about namesake of school, church". Star-News. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
- 1 2 3 McAllister, Jim (June 4, 2012). "Essex County Chronicles: Marblehead's 'Seed King' liked to spread his wealth around". The Salem News. Archived from the original on November 26, 2024. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
- ↑ "Gregory, James J. H." Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
- 1 2 3 Cutter, William Richard (1908). Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of Boston and Eastern Massachusetts. Vol. 4. Lewis historical publishing Company. pp. 1855–1856 – via HathiTrust.
- ↑ Annual Register of the Executive and Legislative Departments of the Government of Massachusetts, 1878. 1878. p. 444. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
- ↑ Hill, Michael (1987). "Gregory Normal Institute". NCpedia. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
- ↑ "Gregory Normal School". The Free Press. Southern Pines, North Carolina. June 27, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved September 4, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Jones, Reinette F. (2002). Library Service to African Americans in Kentucky, from the Reconstruction. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 64. ISBN 9780786411542.
- ↑ "$1,000 TO MOTHERS OF TWINS; James J.H. Gregory Makes Unique Bequest for Women of Marblehead". The New York Times. March 8, 1910. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
Further reading
edit- Worrell, Sharyn Kelley (2013). Remembering James J. H. Gregory: The Seed King, Philanthropist, Man. Murray, Utah: Family Heritage Publishers.
External links
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Media related to James J. H. Gregory at Wikimedia Commons- Works by James J. H. Gregory at the Internet Archive
- Works by James J. H. Gregory at Project Gutenberg
- Works by James J. H. Gregory at the Biodiversity Heritage Library
