Wikipedia

Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank

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The annexation of the West Bank, or parts thereof, to Israel has been considered by Israeli politicians since the area was captured and occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. Annexation of the Jordan Valley has been advocated by some Israeli politicians since the Israeli occupation of the West Bank began in 1967, most notably with the Allon Plan and the 2020 Trump peace plan.

East Jerusalem was the first part of the West Bank to be annexed; it was de facto annexed following its occupation by Israel in 1967, and de jure annexed following the 1980 Jerusalem Law.[1] The annexation of the Jordan Valley, first proposed in the 1967 Allon Plan, was announced by Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in September 2019 as his plan, subject to the outcome of the September 2019 Israeli legislative election. Israeli prime minister Netanyahu's September 2019 annexation proposal included Jericho becoming a Palestinian enclave.

Israeli law has been applied to Israeli settlements throughout the West Bank, leading to a system of "enclave law" and claims of "creeping annexation". Annexation of the West Bank would be condemned as illegal by the United Nations and would break international law.[2][3][4]

In September 2025, Netanyahu dropped annexation of the West Bank from his government's agenda following pressure from the United States and the United Arab Emirates.[5]

Proposals

Annexation of Israeli settlements

An Israeli settlement in the West Bank.

Israel's prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, and his center-right Likud party do not have a coherent stance on the status of the West Bank. In 2009, Netanyahu endorsed the two-state solution, but before the April 2019 Israeli legislative election, he stated his intention of unilaterally annexing Israeli settlements in the West Bank. However, since this was a throwaway remark made without addressing the international opposition to such an action, it is unclear whether Netanyahu intended to follow through.[6][7] On 16 September 2019, in an interview with Israeli Army Radio, Netanyahu said "I intend to extend sovereignty on all the settlements and the (settlement) blocs," including "sites that have security importance or are important to Israel's heritage," including the settlements in Hebron.[8]

The application of Israeli law in the West Bank settlements has been described by commentators as "creeping annexation".[9][10]

Annexation of the Jordan Valley

According to B'Tselem, 65,000 Palestinians and about 11,000 Israeli settlers live in the area.[11][12][13][14]

1967 Allon Plan

The 1967 Allon Plan

The Allon Plan was a plan to partition the West Bank between Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, create a Druze state in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, and return most of the Sinai Peninsula to Arab control. The plan was drafted by Israeli Minister Yigal Allon shortly after the Six-Day War in June 1967. The broad aim of the plan was to annex most of the Jordan Valley from the river to the eastern slopes of the West Bank hill ridge, East Jerusalem, and the Etzion bloc, to Israel. The remaining parts of the West Bank, containing most of the Palestinian population, were to become Palestinian autonomous territory, or would return to Jordan, including a corridor to Jordan through Jericho. The Jordanian King Hussein rejected the plan. Allon died in 1980, and the following year the Israeli government passed the Golan Heights Law, effectively annexing most of the governorate.[15][16][17]

2019 Netanyahu Plan

September 2019 annexation proposal by Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu
  Jordan Valley area to be annexed by Israel
  Rest of the West Bank, including Jericho

On 10 September 2019, shortly before the Israeli legislative elections, Netanyahu announced his government's plan to annex the Jordan Valley, if it won the election. He also reaffirmed his previous pledge to annex all Jewish settlements throughout the West Bank, but said such a move would not be made before publication of the Trump peace plan and consultations with President Donald Trump. According to Peace Now, the proposal includes 30 settlements with 12,778 settlers, 18 illegal outposts, 15 Area A and B communities, including 44,175 Palestinians planned to remain under the nominal autonomous rule of the Palestinian Authority, surrounded by annexed territory with access roads, described by Peace Now as "..alarmingly similar to the Bantustan formula in former Apartheid South Africa" and 48 shepherding communities in Area C including 8,775 Palestinians.[18][19][20] The area to be annexed is about 22% of the West Bank, 90% of which is in Area C and 20% of the land is Palestinian-owned; the map that Netanyahu displayed of the area to be annexed had several errors, incorrectly noting the location of several settlements and omitting Palestinian villages.[21][22] Netanyahu's map is only a slightly revised version of the Allon Plan map, with the key difference being that the Palestinians are no longer offered access to the international border with Jordan.[23] Netanyahu said that he had received a green light from the United States' Donald Trump administration. The administration said that there had been no change in United States policy.[24][25][26][27]

The next day, there was international condemnation of the proposal from Palestinians, the Arab league, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Turkey, the UK and the UN, the latter stating "... that any Israeli move to impose its administration over the Palestinian territory would be illegal under international law."[28][29] Several Israeli politicians from across the political spectrum and Hebrew media outlets described this announcement as a political stunt for votes. Most notably, Moshe Ya'alon, a Knesset Member from the Blue and White party, said that in 2014 Netanyahu agreed in principle to evacuate Jordan Valley settlements. In 2014 Ya'alon was in Netanyahu's Likud Party, serving under Netanyahu as the Minister of Defense.[30][31] On 13 August 2020, Prime Minister Netanyahu agreed to suspend the plan after signing the Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement, brokered by the United States.

Annexation of Area C

Area C shown in blue.

The West Bank is divided into Area A, Area B, and Area C. Area C contains 60% of the West Bank's area and all Israeli settlements. According to OCHA there are about 300,000 Palestinians in Area C[32][when?] (B'tselem estimates between 180,000 and 300,000)[33][when?] compared to some 2.8 million in Areas A and B.[34][when?] The Jewish Home party's official position is in support of annexing Area C alone, although some of its MKs support annexation of the entire West Bank.[6] Leading up to the April 2019 elections, the New Right party, led by Naftali Bennett, Israeli foreign minister and Ayelet Shaked, justice minister, advocated for the unilateral annexation of Area C. Bennett estimates that his plan would involve offering Israeli citizenship to some 80,000 Palestinians living in Area C, which contradicts the UN estimate of 297,000 Palestinians in Area C.[35]

Annexation of the entire West Bank

Caroline Glick, a New Right candidate in the April 2019 Knesset elections, supports annexation of the entire West Bank.[36] Glick supports an application process for Israeli citizenship to Palestinians living in annexed areas, and anticipates that not all Palestinians would desire Israeli citizenship or be eligible.[37]

Annex according to 2020 Trump peace plan

Trump's proposal for peace plan

In April 2020 Barak Ravid, writing in Axios, cited a "senior U.S. official" as saying that any Israeli annexations must come "in the context of an offer to the Palestinians to achieve statehood based upon specific terms, conditions, territorial dimensions and generous economic support." and that "We are prepared to recognize Israeli actions to extend Israeli sovereignty over areas of the West Bank in the context of the Government of Israel agreeing to negotiate with the Palestinians along the lines set forth in President Trump's vision." U.S. Ambassador to Israel David M. Friedman told Netanyahu's aides at a meeting of the U.S.-Israeli mapping committee that is examining potential areas that could be annexed, that "the U.S. wants to implement a peace plan, not an annexation plan".[38]

On 28 May 2020, Netanyahu said he was committed to annexing parts of the West Bank in July once a joint Israeli-U.S. team completes mapping the exact territory based on the conceptual map released by U.S. President Donald Trump's administration.[39] However, the July 2020 annexation plan was later pushed back.[40]

Movements towards annexation

2020

In 2020, on the eve of plans to go forward with a form of annexation, leading figures in the British Jewish establishment, but not the Board of Deputies of British Jews, signed a letter stating that any such annexation would be an "existential threat" both to Israel and Zionists in Great Britain, and have grave consequences for the Palestinians. Among the signatories were Holocaust survivor Sir Ben Helfgott, historians Sir Simon Schama and Simon Sebag Montefiore; former Conservative foreign secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind; lawyer Anthony Julius; philanthropist Dame Vivien Duffield; scientist Lord Robert Winston; former MP Luciana Berger; Times columnist Daniel Finkelstein, and novelist Howard Jacobson.[41]

On 29 June 2020, it was revealed that Netanyahu's coalition partner Benny Gantz would not accept the proposed 1 July 2020 deadline to start annexing the West Bank.[42] Gantz also announced that he would prefer that the Israeli government deal with the COVID-19 pandemic first.[42] Despite not serving as prime minister, it was reported that Gantz's objection cast doubt on when a new deadline could be set.[42] The same day, U.S. sources confirmed that West Bank annexation would not start by the planned 1 July deadline as well.[40]

In mid-year, a jurist of international law William Schabas filed a request with the International Criminal Court asking that it investigate the architects of the plan, naming Donald Trump, Benjamin Netanyahu, Mike Pompeo and Jared Kushner.[43]

2025

On 23 July 2025, the Knesset passed a resolution supporting Israel's annexation of the West Bank.[44] In October 2025, the annexation bill was granted preliminary passage in a 25–24 vote, but it was opposed by Netanyahu as a "deliberate political provocation by the opposition to sow discord." The bill was condemned by U.S. Vice President JD Vance as a "very stupid political stunt" and by Secretary of State Marco Rubio as "counterproductive" to Trump's Gaza peace plan.[45]

2026

In February 2026, the Israeli government approved a set of measures to register lands in the West Bank as "state property", moving forward with formalizing administrative control over large parts of the area.[46] The Cabinet's decisions establish a procedure for identifying and cataloging privately owned lands, bringing them under state administration, and applying regulatory frameworks to oversee construction, land use, and municipal management.[47] Israeli officials describe these actions as part of a legal and bureaucratic process, representing a coordinated effort among various ministries and agencies to prepare the territory for eventual annexation. The plan is presented as a phased strategy, starting with land registration and regulatory integration, with further steps toward extending sovereignty expected in the coming years.[48][49]

Israel's decision to classify certain areas in the West Bank as state property has elicited widespread criticism for allegedly violating international legal norms, particularly the Fourth Geneva Convention, which prohibits alterations to the status of occupied territories.[50] Palestinian officials and human rights advocates interpret this measure as an effective annexation that undermines the prospects for a two-state resolution. Legal experts emphasize that unilateral land registration and regulatory measures within occupied territories contravene established international legal principles and have the potential to intensify regional conflicts.[51] The move was condemned by Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.[52]

Opinion polling

A 2019 Haaretz poll investigated support for annexation among Israelis. According to the survey, 30% did not know, 28% of Israelis opposed any annexation and 15% supported annexing Area C alone. 27% wanted to annex the entire West Bank including 16% who opposed granting political rights to Palestinians and 11% who favored granting political rights.[53]

In April 2020, the Israeli Vote Index found that 52% of Jewish Israelis supported Israel's annexation of the West Bank.[54]

Opponents

Demonstration against Israeli annexation of the West Bank, Rabin Square, Tel Aviv-Yafo, 6 June 2020

In 2014, Yesh Atid leader Yair Lapid said that his centrist party would leave the governing coalition and topple the government if any West Bank settlements were annexed. Tzipi Livni, leader of the centrist Hatnuah party, also said that Hatnuah would leave the coalition in the event of annexation.[55] However, both parties support annexation of the settlement blocs after a permanent resolution of the conflict has been negotiated. Yisrael Beytenu supports redrawing the borders in order to keep as many Jews as possible within the Jewish state while transferring some Israeli Arab towns to the Palestinian state, with some Jewish settlements in the West Bank to be annexed to Israel.[6]

The left-wing opposition parties, Labor Party and Meretz, also oppose annexation,[53] as do the Arab parties, which insist on Israeli withdrawal to behind the Green Line.[6] Commanders for Israel's Security, an association of retired Israeli military officers, opposes West Bank annexation.[56]

Anshel Pfeffer, Netanyahu's unofficial biographer stated that the Prime Minister had no intention of going through with the plan, which, he argued, was an electoral move to secure more votes. Long-time Israeli critic of the Israel-South Africa apartheid analogy, Benjamin Pogrund, who was born in South Africa, commented that were the proposal enacted, it would be tantamount to implementing an apartheid regime, and stated that his former assessment would therefore change: '[At] least it has been a military occupation. Now we are going to put other people under our control and not give them citizenship. That is apartheid. That is an exact mirror of what apartheid was [in South Africa].'[57]

International response

In June 2019, the first Trump administration indicated that it might not object to the Israeli government's possible annexation of Israeli settlements in the West Bank. Five senators from the opposition Democratic Party introduced a resolution condemning the idea.[58] The Trump administration had earlier recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in December 2018 and recognized the Golan Heights as part of Israel in March 2019.[59] In November, it declared that it did not consider the settlements illegal, but asked Israel to refrain from annexation before the release of the Trump peace plan.[60] In September 2025, the second Trump administration offered assurances to Arab countries that it would not allow Israel to annex the West Bank.[61] Trump added that "Israel would lose all of its support from the United States if that happened."[45]

The West Bank is internationally recognized as militarily occupied by Israel, though Israel disputes this[62][63] and has created nearly 200 Israeli settlements there.[64][65] According to Yuval Shany, an Israeli annexation would likely be opposed internationally because the plan would violate multiple principles. Firstly, the principle of territorial integrity, that territories should not be acquired by war, as stated in the preamble to United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, in several U.N. resolutions proclaiming the status of the West Bank as occupied Palestinian territory and in the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on the Wall. Secondly, it would violate the vision of a two-state solution set forth in the Oslo Accords. Thirdly, the permanent and day-to-day control of a civilian population by a foreign power, denying it the right to naturalize or participate in politics, would perpetuate a democratic deficit.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "East Jerusalem". OCHA. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  2. ↑ "Israeli annexation of parts of the Palestinian West Bank would break international law – UN experts call on the international community to ensure accountability". OHCHR. 16 June 2020.
  3. ↑ "Annexing the West Bank Is a Brazen Violation of International Law". The New York Times. 30 May 2020.
  4. ↑ Reem Abaza (16 June 2020). "Rights experts call for global opposition to Israel's annexation plans". UN News.
  5. ↑ "Netanyahu drops West Bank annexation from government's agenda after UAE warning". Middle East Monitor. 5 September 2025. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Ahren, Raphael. "From annexation to right of return: What the parties say about the Palestinians". Times of Israel. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  7. 1 2 "Israel's New Plan to Annex the West Bank: What Happens Next?". Lawfare. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  8. ↑ "Netanyahu vows to annex "all the settlements" in West Bank". Los Angeles Times. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  9. ↑ Is a New Israeli Bill Creeping Annexation of West Bank?, Yonah Jeremy Bob, Jerusalem Post, 5 September 2017
  10. ↑ Times of Israel, Plan to apply Israeli law in West Bank: Equal rights or 'creeping annexation'?
  11. ↑ "The Jordan Valley". B'Tselem. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  12. ↑ "The Jordan Valley". B'Tselem. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  13. ↑ "Netanyahu announces post-election plan to annex Jordan Valley". Al Jazeera. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  14. ↑ "Netanyahu announces post-election plan to annex Jordan Valley". Aljazeera. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  15. ↑ Avi Shlaim, 2001, The Iron Wall: "Victory in the Six-Day War marked the beginning of a new era in Israel's history – an era of uncertainty. The victory reopened the old question about the territorial aims of Zionism...The question was what to do with these territories, and to this question there was no simple answer... On 26 July he [Allon] submitted to the cabinet a plan that was to bear his name [The Allon Plan]. It called for incorporating in Israel the following areas: a strip of land ten to fifteen kilometers wide along the Jordan River; most of the Judean desert along the Dead Sea; and a substantial area around Greater Jerusalem, including the Latrun salient. Designed to include as few Arabs as possible in the area claimed for Israel, the plan envisaged building permanent settlements and army bases in these areas. Finally, it called for opening negotiations with local leaders on turning the remaining parts of the West Bank into an autonomous region that would be economically linked to Israel. The cabinet discussed Allon's plan but neither adopted nor rejected it."
  16. ↑ Kenneth W. Stein, 1999, Heroic Diplomacy: Sadat, Kissinger, Carter, Begin and the Quest for Arab-Israeli Peace: "Submitted to several Israeli Cabinets for approval but not officially endorsed, the Allon Plan was initially presented in July 1967. The plan’s core assumptions included defensible borders as defined by Israel, a return of the densely populated areas to a 'Jordanian-Palestinian state' with Israel retaining control of the Jordan Rift Valley and mountain ridges to the west from Nablus to Hebron. Under the plan, Israel would assert and sustain military presence over the West Bank up to the Jordan River, the West Bank would be demilitarized, the Palestinians would be provided self-administration in an autonomous or semiautonomous region, and Israel would remain in full control over a united Jerusalem, with perhaps a Jordanian status in the Muslim quarter of the Old City. Israeli leaders then ruled out the possibility of incorporating the West Bank Palestinian population into a greater Israel because it would have dramatically changed the states Jewish demographic orientation. When the Allon Plan was officially offered to the king [of Jordan] in cordial and secret talks in September 1968, Hussein rejected it because he felt it 'infringed on Jordanian sovereignty.' Nonetheless, the Allon Plan served as a basis for the Labor Party election platforms in 1974, 1977, 1981, 1984, and 1987. The concept of providing autonomy or self-administration for the Palestinians was offered by Israeli Prime Minister Begin to Sadat in December 1977 and enshrined in both the September 1978 Camp David and the September 1993 Oslo Accords."
  17. ↑ Yehudit Auerbach, 1991, Journal of Conflict Resolution, "Attitudes to an Existence Conflict: Allon and Peres on the Palestinian Issue, 1967–1987": "The [Allon] plan called for a political settlement of the conflict between Israel and the Arab states, based on the following themes: Israel would not return to the June 4, 1967 borders; the Jordan River would be Israel's defense border; Jerusalem, the capital of Israel, would remain united; and a solution to the Palestinian problem would be found as part of a peace agreement with Jordan. This plan was never officially adopted by Israel's government, although it has never been rejected either. Moreover, it shaped, to a great extent, Israel's settlement policy in the West Bank and Gaza during the years from 1967 to 1977."
  18. ↑ Trew, Bel (15 September 2019). "Netanyahu isn't bluffing about his plans to annex the Jordan Valley – but will he succeed?". The Independent. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  19. ↑ "Data on Netanyahu's Jordan Valley Annexation Map". Peace Now. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  20. ↑ "Data on Netanyahu's Jordan Valley Annexation Map". PeaceNow. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  21. ↑ Daraghmeh, Mohammed; Heller, Aron (11 September 2019). "A look at the Jordan Valley Israeli PM has vowed to annex". AP News. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  22. ↑ Magid, Jacob (12 September 2019). "PM's Jordan Valley map was error-strewn, but is his vow worth taking seriously?". Times of Israel. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  23. ↑ Mackey, Robert (11 September 2019). "Netanyahu Hints Trump Peace Plan Will Allow Israel to Annex Key West Bank Territory". The Intercept. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  24. ↑ Hoffman, Gil; Abu Toameh, Khaled; Nahmias, Omri (11 September 2019). "Netanyahu vows to annex all settlements, starting with Jordan Valley". The Jerusalem Post.
  25. ↑ Smith, Saphora; Goldman, Paul (10 September 2019). "Netanyahu seeks to annex parts of West Bank 'in coordination' with U.S." NBC News.
  26. ↑ "Netanyahu vows to annex all settlements, starting with Jordan Valley". The Jerusalem Post.
  27. ↑ Smith, Saphora; Goldman, Paul (11 September 2019). "Netanyahu seeks to annex West Bank 'in coordination' with U.S." NBC News.
  28. ↑ Trew, Bel (11 September 2019). "'Devastating': Global condemnation after Netanyahu pledges to annex Jordan Valley, in occupied West Bank". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  29. ↑ Trew, Bel (11 September 2019). "'Devastating': Global condemnation after Netanyahu pledges to annex Jordan Valley, in occupied West Bank". The Independent. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  30. ↑ "Netanyahu's Jordan Valley sovereignty vow widely panned by politicians as 'spin'". The Times of Israel. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  31. ↑ "Netanyahu's Jordan Valley sovereignty vow widely panned by politicians as 'spin'". Times of Israel. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  32. ↑ "UNOCHA occupied Palestinian territory - Profile". OCHA. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  33. ↑ "Area C". B'tselem. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  34. ↑ "What are areas A, B, and C of the occupied West Bank?". Aljazeera. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  35. ↑ Breiner, Josh (28 February 2019). "Hayamin Hehadash Calls to Annex Part of West Bank, Grant Citizenship to Palestinian Residents". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  36. ↑ Glick, Caroline (24 February 2014). "The Israeli solution". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  37. ↑ "The Israeli Right's One-State Delusion". Israel Policy Forum. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  38. ↑ "West Bank annexations must come in context of Palestinian state, White House tells Israel". Axios. 30 April 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  39. ↑ "Netanyahu: Palestinians in Israeli-annexed Jordan Valley won't get citizenship". Times of israel. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  40. 1 2 Harkov, Lahav; Lazaroff, Tovah; Hoffman, Gil (29 June 2020). "Annexation will not happen on July 1 - US news". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  41. ↑ Sherwood, Harriet (5 June 2020). "Israel's West Bank plans condemned by leading British Jewish figures". The Guardian.
  42. 1 2 3 Beaumont, Peter; Scammell, Rosie (29 June 2020). "Netanyahu's annexation plan in disarray as Gantz calls for delay". The Guardian.
  43. ↑ Brett Wilkins, 'Palestinians file ICC complaint against Trump, Kushner and Netanyahu over annexation,' Mondoweiss 3 July 2020
  44. ↑ "Israeli parliament approves symbolic motion on West Bank annexation". Al Jazeera. 23 July 2025.
  45. 1 2 "Vance and Rubio criticise Israeli parliament's vote on West Bank annexation". www.bbc.com. 23 October 2025. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
  46. ↑ "Israel approves proposal to register West Bank lands as 'state property'". Al Jazeera. 15 February 2026. Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  47. ↑ Scheer, Steven (15 February 2026). "Israeli cabinet approves West Bank land registration, Palestinians condemn 'de-facto annexation'". Reuters. Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  48. ↑ Lidman, Melanie (15 February 2026). "Israel's plan to install West Bank regulations denounced as illegal 'mega land grab'". PBS. Associated Press. Retrieved 17 February 2026.
  49. ↑ Shalev and Lister, Tal and Tim (15 February 2026). "Israeli move to designate large parts of West Bank as state land condemned as 'de facto annexation'". CNN.
  50. ↑ "West Bank: UN rights chief warns against deepening Israeli control over Palestinian land". United Nations. 11 February 2026. Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  51. ↑ Efron, Shira (12 February 2026). "Israel Is Quietly Annexing the West Bank". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  52. ↑ Sawafta, Ali; Rose, Emily (9 February 2026). "Arab states criticise Israel as it expands powers in occupied West Bank". Reuters. Retrieved 17 February 2026.
  53. 1 2 Kraft, Dina (25 March 2019). "Haaretz Poll: 42% of Israelis Back West Bank Annexation, Including Two-state Supporters". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  54. ↑ "Over Half of Jewish Israelis Support Annexation". Israeli Voice Index. 10 May 2020.
  55. ↑ "Lapid: Yesh Atid party will topple gov't that attempts annexation". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  56. ↑ Hacohen, Gershon (28 May 2019). "Annexing Parts of the West Bank Area C: An Israeli National Interest". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  57. ↑ Holmes, Oliver (9 June 2020). "What would Israel annexing the West Bank mean". The Guardian.
  58. ↑ Kampeas, Ron (7 June 2019). "Senators Sanders, Warren push resolution decrying PM's West Bank annexation idea". Times of Israel. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  59. ↑ "Trump formally recognises Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  60. ↑ Magid, Jacob (19 November 2019). "With softening of US settlement policy, is annexation train leaving the station?". Times of Israel. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  61. ↑ Rasgon, Adam; Haberman, Maggie (25 September 2025). "Trump Says He Won't Allow Israel to Annex the West Bank". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  62. ↑ "Is the West Bank "occupied" or "disputed" territory?". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2019. Israel's presence in the territory is often incorrectly referred to as an 'occupation.' However, under international law, true occupation occurs only in territories that have been taken from a recognized sovereign [...] Furthermore, no sovereign Palestinian state has ever existed, neither in the West Bank nor anywhere else. As the West Bank had no prior legitimate sovereign, under international law these areas cannot be considered as "occupied" Arab or Palestinian lands, and their most accurate description would be that of disputed territories.
  63. ↑ Simon McKenzie (8 November 2019). Disputed Territories and International Criminal Law: Israeli Settlements and the International Criminal Court. Taylor & Francis. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-1-00-075805-4.
  64. ↑ "Israeli Settlements and International Law". Israeli Embassy in Nigeria. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  65. ↑ "A Look at the West Bank Area Netanyahu Vowed to Annex". The New York Times. 10 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.

Further reading

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