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H3 (rocket)

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The H3 is a Japanese medium-lift launch vehicle developed by JAXA and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). A hydrolox-fuelled rocket, it is the successor to the H-IIA and H-IIB launch vehicles. The H3 uses the LE-9 main engine, which was designed to be less expensive to produce as part of a broader effort to lower launch costs. The rocket has a modular design: its first stage is powered by two or three LE-9 engines and can be fitted with zero, two, or four SRB-3 solid rocket boosters, which are also used on the Epsilon S small-lift launch vehicle. The second stage uses the LE-5B-3 engine, an upgraded version of the engine family used since the H-I rocket.

H3
Launch of a H3 rocket carrying the QZS-6 satellite on 2 February 2025
FunctionMedium-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerMitsubishi Heavy Industries
Country of originJapan
Cost per launchH3‑30: ¥5 billion (2023)[1] (equivalent to ¥5.13 billion or US$33.92 million in 2024)[2]
Size
Height
  • With S fairing: 57 m (187 ft)
  • With L or W fairing: 63 m (207 ft)[3]
Diameter5.27 m (17.3 ft)[4]
Mass
  • H3‑30: 271 t (597,000 lb)[5]
  • H3‑22: 420 t (930,000 lb)[6]
  • H3‑24: 575 t (1,268,000 lb)[6]
Stages2
Capacity
Payload to LEO (ISS)
Altitude420 km (260 mi)
Orbital inclination51.64°
MassH3‑24: 16,000 kg (35,000 lb)[7]
Payload to SSO
Altitude500 km (310 mi)
Orbital inclination90°
MassH3‑30: 4,000 kg (8,800 lb)[4]
Payload to GTO (Δ-v 1,500 m/sec)
MassH3‑24: 7,900 kg (17,400 lb)[4][8]
Associated rockets
Based onH-IIA · H-IIB
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesTanegashima, LA‑Y2
Total launches8
Success(es)6
Failure2
First flight7 March 2023
Last flight12 June 2026 (most recent)
Carries passengers or cargo
Boosters – SRB-3
No. boosters0, 2 or 4
Height15 m (49 ft)[9]
Diameter2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)[9]
Gross mass76.2 t (168,000 lb) each[9]
Propellant mass67.2 t (148,000 lb) each[9]
Maximum thrust2,300 kN (520,000 lbf) each[9]
Total thrust4,600 or 9,200 kN (1,000,000 or 2,100,000 lbf)[9]
Specific impulse283.6 s (2.781 km/s)[10]
Burn time110 seconds[9]
First stage
Height37 m (121 ft)[9]
Gross mass241 t (531,000 lb)[5]
Propellant mass226 t (498,000 lb)[5]
Powered by2 or 3 × LE-9
Maximum thrust2,942 or 4,413 kN (661,000 or 992,000 lbf)[9][5]
Specific impulse425 s (4.17 km/s)
Burn time300 or 225 seconds[9][5]
PropellantLOX / LH2
Second stage
Height12 m (39 ft)[9]
Gross mass28 t (62,000 lb)
Propellant mass24.6 t (54,000 lb)[9]
Powered by1 × LE-5B-3[11]
Maximum thrust137 kN (31,000 lbf)[9]
Specific impulse448 s (4.39 km/s)
Burn time699 seconds[5]
PropellantLOX / LH2
[edit on Wikidata]

Development of the H3 began in 2013. Its maiden flight in March 2023 failed after the second-stage engine did not ignite. The rocket's first successful flight took place in February 2024.

In addition to launching satellites into Earth orbit, the H3 is used to launch the HTV-X cargo spacecraft to the International Space Station and is planned to launch the Martian Moons eXploration and Lunar Polar Exploration Mission probes.

Development

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MHI was responsible for overall development of the H3 and oversees final assembly of the launch vehicle and its liquid-fuel engines. Other major Japanese contributors include IHI Corporation, which produces the liquid-fuel engine turbopumps and solid-fuel boosters; Kawasaki Heavy Industries, which builds the S- and L-type payload fairings; and Toray Industries, which supplies the carbon fiber and synthetic resin used in the booster motor cases and fairings.[12][13][14] Switzerland-based Beyond Gravity manufactures the W-type fairing, based on its standard 5.4-metre-wide (18 ft) design also used on Ariane 6 and Vulcan Centaur.[15]

Detailed development of the H3 began in 2014 following government approval of the program on 17 May 2013,[16] with MHI serving as the prime contractor and developing the propulsion system jointly with JAXA.[3] The H3 was designed to serve government and commercial launch markets. Compared with the H-IIA, the H3 was designed with simpler and less expensive engines to reduce manufacturing time, technical risk and overall cost. JAXA and MHI were responsible for preliminary design work, development of new technologies, manufacturing and preparation of ground facilities.[17]

As of 2015, the first H3 launch was planned for Japanese fiscal year (JFY) 2020 in the H3‑30 configuration, which lacks solid rocket boosters, followed by a booster-equipped version in JFY21.[18][4]

The newly developed LE-9 engine was the key to cost reduction, while increasing thrust and improving safety margins. The engine employs an expander bleed cycle, a combustion method previously used on the upper-stage LE-5A engine, and never before used on a first-stage.[19] While such cycles typically cannot produce high thrust, the LE-9 was designed to reach 1,471 kN (331,000 lbf), making its development one of the most significant challenges of the program.[20]

Ground tests of the LE-9 began in April 2017,[21] and the first solid rocket booster tests were conducted in August 2018.[22]

During qualification tests of the LE-9 in May 2020, engineers discovered an opening in the combustion chamber wall and a fatigue fracture in the liquid-hydrogen fuel turbopump turbine. Resolving these issues delayed the inaugural H3 launch from its planned 2021 schedule to 2023.[3][23]

The first launch attempt on 17 February 2023 was aborted shortly before ignition of the SRB-3 boosters, although the main engines had ignited successfully.[24][25][26] The second launch attempt occurred on 7 March 2023 at 01:37:55 UTC. Approximately five minutes and twenty-seven seconds after launch, the second-stage engine failed to ignite. Because the vehicle could not attain the required velocity, JAXA issued a flight termination command 14 minutes and 50 seconds after launch, destroying both the launch vehicle and the ALOS-3 satellite.[27][28][29][30]

After an investigation into the failure of the first test flight and implementation of corrective measures, the second test vehicle was launched on 17 February 2024.[3] During the mission, the second stage reached its intended orbit, marking the first fully successful H3 flight.[31]

The first flight of the H3-24 configuration occurred on 26 October 2025, carrying the HTV-X cargo spacecraft on its inaugural mission to the International Space Station.[32][33]

A H3‑22S failed during flight on 22 December 2025. JAXA stated that it suspected the Payload Support Structure failed shortly after fairing separation, causing damage to the second-stage liquid hydrogen tank. The initial second-stage burn lasted 27 seconds longer than planned, consistent with abnormal tank pressurization, and the engine shut down one second after the start of the second burn, consistent with fuel depletion. Video footage showed a large object separating from the vehicle shortly after fairing separation, which investigators believed was the payload.[34]

The H3 returned to flight on 12 June 2026 with the first launch of the H3-30 configuration, successfully placing a test payload and several rideshare payloads into orbit.[35]

Vehicle description

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The H3 is a two-stage launch vehicle. The first stage uses two or three LE-9 engines fueled by 225 tonnes (496,000 lb) liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen (hydrolox) propellants. The first-stage can be fitted with zero, two, or four strap-on SRB-3 solid rocket boosters (SRBs) derived from the SRB-A and fueled with polybutadiene. The second stage is powered by an upgraded LE-5B-3 engine and carries 23 tonnes (51,000 lb) of hydrolox propellant.[36][11][37]

H3 has dual-launch capability, but MHI has said it is focused on dedicated launches in order to prioritize schedule assurance for customers.[38]

Variants

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H3 configurations are identified by a two-digit number and a letter. The first digit indicates the number of LE-9 engines on the core stage (two or three), while the second digit indicates the number of SRB-3 solid rocket boosters (zero, two, or four). The final letter specifies the payload fairing: short ("S"), long ("L"), or wide ("W"). For example, the H3‑24L has two LE-9 engines, four SRBs, and a long fairing, while the H3‑30S has three engines, no SRBs, and a short fairing.[39][40]

As of 2026, five configurations were offered: H3‑30S, H3‑22S, H3‑22L, H3‑24L, and H3‑24W.[6]

The H3‑32, a proposed variant with three engines and two SRBs, was cancelled in late 2018 after tests showed that the H3‑22 offered better-than-expected performance, reducing the need for the more powerful version. JAXA cited commercial precedent, noting that SpaceX's Falcon 9 frequently launched satellites into a low geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), leaving the satellites to raise themselves to a geostationary orbit. Since commercial clients appeared willing to accept this trade-off, JAXA concluded that customers would prefer the less expensive H3‑22 even if it required additional onboard satellite propellant.[39]

The H3‑30 configuration is designed as a low-cost variant, expected to be used primarily by government customers. It can carry a payload of up to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) into sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) for about ¥5 billion (equivalent to ¥5.13 billion or US$33.92 million in 2024)[2], about half the cost of the H-IIA and intended to be on par with SpaceX's Falcon 9.[4][38]

The most powerful H3‑24 variant can deliver more than 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) of payload to trans-lunar injection (TLI) and 7,900 kg (17,400 lb) of payload to GTO.[8]

Future upgrades

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MHI has stated that it plans to address growing demand for low-cost small-satellite launches by introducing rideshare missions capable of carrying multiple payloads on a single H3 launch.[3]

As of October 2019, MHI was studying several upgrades for the H3, including an extended second stage and a heavy-lift variant.[8] Proposed second-stage improvements included increasing propellant capacity and developing a new upper-stage engine.[3]

The proposed heavy-lift configuration would consist of three H3 core stages operating in parallel, similar to the Delta IV Heavy and Falcon Heavy.[41] The vehicle was projected to place up to 28,300 kilograms (62,400 lb) into low Earth orbit.[8]

Launch history

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Past launches

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  1. ↑ Although designated F7 (Flight 7), it was the rocket's sixth flight. F6, the first launch of the H3-30 configuration, was delayed after defects were found during a July 2025 captive firing test.[50]

Planned launches

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Planned launches are listed chronologically when firm plans are in place. The order of the later launches is much less certain. Tentative launch dates and mission details are sourced from multiple locations.[52][53] Launches are expected to take place "no earlier than" (NET) the listed date. Some dates are listed in Japanese fiscal year (JFY) which runs from 1 April 1 of the prior year to 31 March of the numerated year.

Launch (UTC)VersionLaunch sitePayload(s)Orbit
6 August 2026, 19:30[54]H3‑22STanegashima, LA‑Y2QZS-7 (Michibiki-7)GTO
Summer 2026[55]H3‑24WTanegashima, LA‑Y2HTV-X2LEO (ISS)
November 2026H3‑24LTanegashima, LA‑Y2Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)TMI
JFY26H3‑24LTanegashima, LA‑Y2ETS-IXGEO
JFY26TBATanegashimaIGS-Optical Diversification 1
2027H3‑24WTanegashimaHTV-X3LEO (ISS)
2028TBATanegashimaLUPEXTLI
JFY27TBATanegashimaIGS-Optical 9
JFY27TBATanegashimaIGS-Optical Diversification 2
2027TBATanegashimaJDRS-2
2027TBATanegashimaALOS-3 successor
2027TBATanegashimaEutelsat (TBD)[56]
March 2028TBATanegashimaMBR Explorer
JFY28TBATanegashimaHimawari 10
2028[57][58]TBATanegashimaDESTINY+ & Ramses
2028TBATanegashimaALOS-4 successor
JFY29TBATanegashimaIGS-Radar Diversification 1
JFY29TBATanegashimaIGS-Optical 10
JFY30TBATanegashimaIGS-Radar Diversification 2
JFY31TBATanegashimaIGS-Radar 9
JFY32TBATanegashimaIGS-Optical Diversification Successor
JFY32TBATanegashimaLiteBIRD
JFY33TBATanegashimaIGS-Radar 10
JFY33TBATanegashimaIGS-Optical 11
TBDTBATanegashimaInmarsat (satellite TBD)[59][60]

References

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  1. ↑ "Japan's new H3 rocket to blast off in February after failed launch". The Japan Times. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  2. 1 2 1868 to 1938: Williamson J., Nominal Wage, Cost of Living, Real Wage and Land Rent Data for Japan 1831–1938, 1939 to 1945: Bank of Japan Historical Statistics Afterwards, Japanese Historical Consumer Price Index numbers based on data available from the Japanese Statistics Bureau. Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014 Retrieved 30 July 2014. For between 1946 and 1970, from "昭和戦後史". Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shimura, Koji; Kitayama, Osamu; Sato, Akihiro; Tanouchi, Hiroaki; Imai, Genta (December 2025). "Continued Evolution of H3 Launch Vehicle to Achieve Globally Preferred Launch Service" (PDF). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 62 No. 4. Retrieved 16 June 2026.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 新型基幹ロケットの開発状況について (PDF) (in Japanese). 2 July 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "H3ロケット6号機（30形態試験機） 打上げ準備状況" [H3 Rocket Flight 6 (Test Vehicle, 30 Configuration) Launch Preparation Status] (PDF). Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). 8 June 2026.
  6. 1 2 3 "Launch Vehicles". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Retrieved 16 June 2026.
  7. ↑ "基幹ロケット H3 の開発状況と今後の展望" [Development Status of H3, Japanese Primary Launch Vehicle, and Future Evolution] (PDF). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review. 2021. p. 7.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Henry, Caleb (25 October 2019). "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries mulls upgraded H3 rocket variants for lunar missions". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Rocket Launch Plan Quasi-Zenith Satellite No. 7 (QZS-7) / H3 Rocket No. 9 (H3-F9)" (PDF). Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). June 2026. p. 11.
  10. ↑ "What is SRB-3?". JAXA. Retrieved 18 September 2025.
  11. 1 2 "H3 Launch Vehicle Brochure" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  12. ↑ 2020年 H3ロケットの目指す姿 (PDF) (in Japanese). JAXA. 8 July 2015. p. 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  13. ↑ 姿を現した新型国産ロケット「H3」、開発の舞台はいよいよ種子島へ (in Japanese). Mynavi News. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  14. ↑ 東レのトレカプリプレグ H3ロケットに採用 (in Japanese). Weekly Gomutimes. 14 February 2023. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  15. ↑ "Payload Fairings Supplied by RUAG Space Contracted by MHI for the H3 Launch Vehicle". satnews. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  16. ↑ "JAXA H3 booster". China Post. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013.
  17. ↑ "Japan's new rocket fails after engine issue, in blow to space ambitions". The Japan Times. 7 March 2023. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  18. ↑ A Japanese Fiscal Year starts in April of the year and ends in March of the next year. For this case, it denotes launch will occur no earlier than 1 April 2021, and no later than 31 March 2022.
  19. ↑ Shinya Matsuura (2 February 2021). H3ロケットの主エンジン「LE-9」熱効率向上で世界初に挑戦 (in Japanese). Nikkei Business. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  20. ↑ Shinya Torishima (24 September 2020). "H3ロケット開発を襲った"魔物"とは？、エンジンに見つかった技術的課題" (in Japanese). Mynavi news. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020.
  21. ↑ LE-9 燃焼試験 (in Japanese). JAXA. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  22. ↑ "Test-firing of booster for H3 rocket". NHK World. 27 August 2018. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  23. ↑ "H3ロケットの試験機1号機の打上げについて" (in Japanese). JAXA. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  24. ↑ "Japan's new rocket fails to blast off". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  25. ↑ Mike Wall (17 February 2023). "Japan's new H3 rocket aborts 1st-ever launch attempt". Space.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  26. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "First launch of Japan's H3 rocket aborted moments before liftoff – Spaceflight Now". Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  27. ↑ "Japan launches H3 rocket, destroys it over 2nd stage failure". United States: ABC News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  28. ↑ "Japan destroys new H3 rocket after lift-off as second-stage engine fails". The National. 7 March 2023. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  29. ↑ Andrew Jones published (7 March 2023). "Japan's new H3 rocket fails on 1st test flight, advanced Earth observation satellite lost". Space.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  30. ↑ "Japanese rocket and disaster-management satellite destroyed in space after engine failure". Australia: ABC News. 7 March 2023. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  31. ↑ "「H3」ロケット2号機 打ち上げ成功 前回の失敗乗り越える | NHK". 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024.
  32. 1 2 "H3 Flight No. 7 Press Kit" (PDF) (in Japanese). JAXA. 16 October 2025. p. 136. Retrieved 24 October 2025.
  33. 1 2 "H3ロケット7号機による新型宇宙ステーション補給機1号機（HTV-X1）の 打上げ結果" [Launch result of new unmanned cargo transfer spacecraft HTV-X1 aboard H3 rocket flight 7] (Press release) (in Japanese). JAXA. 26 October 2025.
  34. 1 2 "Investigation of the cause of the failure of the launch of the H3 rocket No. 8" (PDF). JAXA. 20 January 2026. Retrieved 21 January 2026.
  35. 1 2 Graham, William (11 June 2026). "Japan's H3 to returns to flight with debut launch of lightest configuration". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  36. ↑ "Development of the LE-X Engine" (PDF). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review. 48 (4). December 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  37. ↑ 2020年：H3ロケットの目指す姿 (PDF) (in Japanese). JAXA. 8 July 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  38. 1 2 Henry, Caleb (12 July 2018). "Blue Origin to offer dual launch with New Glenn after fifth mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 5 August 2018. H3 is on track for a 2020 debut with a price meant to be on par with SpaceX's Falcon 9.
  39. 1 2 H3ロケットの開発状況について (PDF) (in Japanese). JAXA. 29 November 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  40. ↑ 衛星フェアリングとは (in Japanese). JAXA. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  41. ↑ Henry, Caleb (26 March 2020). "MHI pressing through pandemic toward late 2020 H3 rocket debut". SpaceNews. Retrieved 17 June 2026.
  42. ↑ "Ｈ３ロケット試験機１号機打上げ失敗の原因究明に係る調査・安全小委員会 報告書 【概要】" [Summary Report on the Investigation into the Cause of the H3 Rocket Test Vehicle No. 1 Launch Failure] (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese). JAXA. 26 October 2023.
  43. ↑ H3ロケットの開発状況について (PDF). 宇宙開発利用部会 (in Japanese). 10 December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  44. ↑ Akiyama, Ayano (27 June 2023). H3試験機2号機「リスク承知」の相乗り小型衛星を選定 キヤノン電子地球観測衛星を搭載へ (in Japanese). Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  45. ↑ "H3ロケット試験機2号機の打上げ結果について" [Launch results of the H3 rocket test vehicle No. 2] (Press release) (in Japanese). JAXA. 17 February 2024.
  46. ↑ "Launch Result of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-4 "DAICHI-4" (ALOS-4) aboard the third H3 Launch Vehicle (H3 F3)". JAXA. 1 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  47. ↑ "H3ロケット4号機によるXバンド防衛通信衛星「きらめき3号」の打上げ結果" [Launch result of X-band defense communications satellite "Kirameki-3" by H3 rocket No. 4] (Press release) (in Japanese). JAXA. 4 November 2024.
  48. ↑ "H3‑22S | Kirameki 3".
  49. ↑ H3ロケット5号機による「みちびき6号機」（準天頂衛星）の打上げ結果 (in Japanese). JAXA. 2 February 2025. Retrieved 2 February 2025.
  50. ↑ "新形態H3ロケット6号機、エンジン燃焼試験で不具合 年度内の打ち上げ不透明に" [Defects found during captive firing test of H3 rocket flight no. 6 (new configuration), launch within this fiscal year uncertain]. The Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 29 September 2025.
  51. ↑ "Launch Schedule of the 6th H3 Launch Vehicle (Type 30 Test Vehicle)". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  52. ↑ "宇宙基本計画⼯程表 (令和5年度改訂)" [Basic Plan on Space Policy (2023 Revision)] (PDF) (in Japanese). Cabinet Office. 22 December 2023. p. 45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  53. ↑ "Launches | Next Spaceflight". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 5 May 2026.
  54. ↑ "Launch Schedule of MICHIBIKI No. 7, Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZS-7) aboard H3 Launch Vehicle Flight No.9 (H3 F9) [Rescheduled]". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 15 June 2026. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  55. ↑ "JAXA HTV-X2". NASA. Retrieved 15 June 2026.
  56. ↑ "Eutelsat signs multi-launch agreement for MHI's H3 rocket". SpaceNews. 18 September 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  57. ↑ Jones, Andrew (6 November 2023). "Japan's mission to bizarre asteroid Phaethon delayed to 2025". Space.com. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  58. ↑ "Look up: ESA and JAXA to launch the Ramses mission to observe Apophis". Cosmos. 24 December 2025. Archived from the original on 27 December 2025. Retrieved 27 December 2025.
  59. ↑ Henry, Caleb (6 December 2018). "Inmarsat books Japanese H3 rocket's first commercial launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  60. ↑ Clark, Stephen (19 September 2017). "Japan's MHI wins deal to launch satellite for Inmarsat". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
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