The spatial data, waypoint nomenclature, and relative route tracks were compiled by cross-referencing classical Islamic geography texts with modern satellite-based field research:

• The Hijrah Route Project (Dr. Abdullah Alkadi): Spatial data coordinates and historical trail tracking are heavily based on the landmark field research of Dr. Abdullah Alkadi ("Milestones of History: Prophet Muhammad's Hijrah Route"), who physically mapped and ground-truthed the entire 240-mile journey using GPS coordinate points.
• Classical Atlases: Route configurations verified against the Atlas of the Prophet's Biography (Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil) and The Prophet's Hijrah: A Historical and Geographic Study (Dr. Muhammad ibn Shamil al-Sulamî).

The structural shape of the coastline, regional boundaries, and hypsometric elevation steps were traced manually from open-access public domain geographic datasets to ensure absolute copyright compliance:

• Coastline & Maritime Boundaries: Traced and verified against the NASA Visible Earth dataset and USGS (United States Geological Survey) Landsat satellite imagery of the Western Arabian Peninsula.
  • Reference: NASA Visible Earth (Arabian Peninsula)
• Topography & Hypsometric Tints: Elevation contours (Tihamah coastal plain, foothills, and the Hijaz mountain crests) were mapped using SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) 30-meter global elevation data provided by NASA/JPL.
  • Reference: USGS EarthExplorer (SRTM Data)
• Hydrological Networks (Wadi Channels): Major seasonal drainage basins (Wadi Fatima, Wadi Saraf, and Wadi al-Aqiq) were accurately extracted from hydrographic layers available via the OpenStreetMap (OSM) open data project.
  • Reference: OpenStreetMap Geofabrik Exports