Haplogroup K (defined by the M9 mutation) is the one of the major Eurasian Y-Choromosome lineage, descending from the the borader CT haplogroup with the early migration of modern humans out of Africa.^[1] Descendant lineages of Y-chromosome haplogroup K are widespread across Eurasia. Haplogroup K2a/O is the dominant paternal lineage in East and Southeast Asia, while haplogroup N reaches high frequencies in parts of northern Eurasia and eastern Europe, where it appears to have expanded westward from inner Asia and southern Siberia.^{[2] [3]}

The K2b-derived haplogroups R and Q are among the major paternal lineages in Europe, Central Asia, and the Americas, and Q is also the principal Native American Y-chromosome haplogroup with related lineages found in Siberia. ^[4]

In South Asia, the main paternal lineages include R1, R2, L, O, H, J2 and C, which together account for most Y-chromosome diversity; K2a/O-M175 is especially common in some northeastern and Tibeto-Burman/Austroasiatic-speaking populations.^[5] Haplogroup J1 peaks in the Arabian Peninsula, southern Mesopotamia, and the southern Levant,^[6] whereas the African subclade K2b/R1b-V88 has been reported in parts of central-western Africa and is often interpreted as evidence of a back-to-Africa migration.^[7]

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1. ↑ (2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (3): 369–373. DOI:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106.
2. ↑ (2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (2): 204–211. DOI:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17192785.
3. ↑ (2013). "Genetic evidence of an East Asian origin and paleolithic northward migration of Y-chromosome haplogroup N". Journal of Human Genetics 58 (3): 142–149. DOI:10.1038/jhg.2012.120. PMID 23188481.
4. ↑ (2011). "Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a". Journal of Human Genetics 56 (8): 583–588. DOI:10.1038/jhg.2011.64. PMID 21677663.
5. ↑ (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (4): 843–848. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMID 16415161. PMC: 1347984.
6. ↑ (in English) (2021-03-24). "Automated analysis of COVID-19 pandemic based on a vessel-based mathematical model". Scientific Reports 11 (1): 6667. DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-85883-2. PMID 33762635. PMC: 7990928.
7. ↑ Amirkhan, SVS. et al. (2013). "Classification of human genetic variations using mechanisms of disease". Eur J Hum Genet 21 (3): 251–255. DOI:10.1038/ejhg.2012.167.