Wikipedia

List of British Isles species extinct in the Holocene

(Redirected from Extinct animals from the Isle of Man)

This is a list of British Isles species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[A] and continues to the present day.[1] The British Isles includes the islands of Great Britain and Ireland.

Map of the British Isles

During much of the Neogene and Pleistocene, the British Isles were connected to mainland Europe by a land bridge called Doggerland. Changing glacial and interglacial climates repeatedly altered which species could survive there. The climate began to warm again around 9700 BCE, entering the present climatic period known as the Holocene. Animals repopulated Britain and Ireland. Rising sea levels after the end of the Last Glacial Period helped isolate Britain from mainland Europe, and Great Britain was finally cut off from the continent around 6225–6170 BCE, when the Storegga Slide tsunami flooded Doggerland.

In the early Holocene, warming temperatures and rising sea levels reduced or eliminated habitats used by some cold-adapted species. Later losses were attributed to humans, including hunting, habitat destruction, and the introduction of non-native species. Because Britain and Ireland are islands, depleted populations were less able to recolonize once they disappeared.

This list includes both globally extinct species (noted with †) and locally extinct (extirpated) species. Some species have gone extinct several times and then recolonized. The date given is of the most recent extinction. Species that have been reintroduced by humans are noted.

Mammals

edit
Common name Species Order Extinction/extirpation date Notes
Reindeer Rangifer tarandus Artiodactyla c. 9,000 BCE[2] Extirpated in Ireland c. 7500 BCE.[3][4][5]

Reindeer were re-established in 1952; approximately 150–170 reindeer live around the Cairngorms region in Scotland.

Wolverine Gulo gulo Carnivora c. 9,000 BCE[6]
Arctic lemmingDicrostonyx torquatusRodentiac. 8,000 BCE[7]
Steppe lemmingLagurus lagurusRodentiac. 8,000 BCE
Narrow-headed vole Microtus gregalis Rodentia c. 8,000 BCE
Steppe pika Ochotona pusilla Lagomorpha c. 8,000 BCE
Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus Carnivora c. 8,000 BCE [7]
Wild horse Equus ferus ferus Perissodactyla c. 8,000 BCE[8] Re-established proxy in the form of free-roaming domestic horses[9]

Set up by the Wildwood Trust, Konik horses have been established across many reserves as a proxy for the extinct tarpan.[10]

Eurasian elk

(moose)

 Alces alces Artiodactyla c. 3,600 BCE[11] In 2008, Eurasian elk were released into a fenced reserve on the Alladale Estate in the Highlands of Scotland.
Tundra vole Microtus oeconomus Rodentia c. 1,500 BCE
†Aurochs Bos primigenius primigenius Artiodactyla c. 1,000 BCE Select breeds of free-roaming domestic cattle are used as an ecological proxy as part of some conservation grazing initiatives.[12]
WalrusOdobenus rosmarusCarnivorac. 1,000 BCEExtirpated as a breeder; occasional vagrant[13]
Brown bearUrsus arctosCarnivorac. 500 CE[14]c. 1000 – 500 BCE in Ireland;[15] see Bears in Ireland

There have been calls for the reintroduction of the Eurasian lynx, brown bear and grey wolf to the UK, because no large predators are living in viable populations in Great Britain. It is theorized that a large predators presence could create a trophic cascade,[16] thus improving the ecosystem.[17]

Eurasian lynxLynx lynxCarnivorac. 700 CE[18] or c. 1760[19]Subfossil evidence suggests an early medieval extinction, but a written record indicates persistence in Scotland into the late 18th century.[19]
Wild boarSus scrofaArtiodactylac. 1400Reintroduced to Britain,[20] extirpated from Ireland.[21]

In 1998, MAFF, now known as DEFRA released a report concerning the presence of two populations of wild boar living freely in the UK.[22] These boar are thought to have escaped from wildlife parks, zoos and from farms where they are farmed for their meat, and gone on to establish breeding populations.[23][24]

Eurasian beaver Castor fiber Rodentia: Castoridae 1526 Reintroduced to Britain;[25][26] never known to have lived in Ireland[27]

European beavers have been reintroduced to parts of Scotland, and there are plans to bring them back to other parts of Britain. A five-year trial reintroduction at Knapdale in Argyll started in 2009 and concluded in 2014.[28] A few hundred beavers live wild in the Tay river basin, as a result of escapes from a wildlife park.[29] A similar reintroduction trial is being undertaken on the river otter in Devon, England.[30] Also, around the country, beavers have been introduced into fenced reserves for many reasons including flood prevention.[31] In 2016, beavers were recognised as a British native species, and will be protected under law.[32]

Grey wolf Canis lupus Carnivora 1786 1166 in Wales, 1390 in England, 1680 in Scotland/Britain, 1786 in Ireland;[33] see Wolves in Great Britain and Wolves in Ireland
Greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis Chiroptera 1990 A solitary male was recorded at a single hibernation site in Sussex from 2002 to 2022.[34] In 2023 two individuals were recorded in Sussex.[35] Species is effectively extirpated, with no maternity sites found in the UK.

The European bison (Bison bonasus) is not conclusively recorded from the British Isles during the Holocene.[36] Three female bison were introduced to the West Blean and Thornden Woods in Kent, England on 18 July 2022.[37] A calf, also female, was unexpectedly born in September 2022[38] and in December 2022 a bull was introduced. These five bison are first "complete" wild herd in the UK in thousands of years.[39] As of October 2024, the herd consists of three females, a bull and four calves.[40]

Birds

edit
Common name Species Order Extinction/extirpation date Notes
Common crane Grus grus Gruiformes Late medieval period Re-established
Corn crake Crex crex Gruiformes 20th century Extirpated in most of England and Wales, clings on in the Scottish Highlands and western Ireland. Ongoing reintroduction projects into parts of England and Scotland.
Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus Pelecaniformes c. 3,000 BCE[41]
Gadfly petrel Pterodroma sp. Procellariiformes Unknown Pterodroma species, presumed Fea's petrel) – Iron Age[42]
Eurasian spoonbill Platalea leucorodia Pelecaniformes 17th century (as a breeding bird) Re-established[43]
†Great auk Pinguinus impennis Charadriiformes 1844
Great bustard Otis tarda Otidiformes 19th century Reintroduced. Ongoing projects on Salisbury Plain.
Kentish plover Anarhynchus alexandrinus Charadriiformes 20th century (last breeding record 1979)[44]
Little egret Egretta garzetta Pelecaniformes Late medieval period Re-established
Pied avocet Recurvirostra avosetta Charadriiformes 19th century Re-established
Red-backed shrike Lanius collurio Passeriformes 1989 (as a regular breeding bird)
Western capercaillie Tetrao urogallus Galliformes 1780s Reintroduced
White stork Ciconia ciconia Ciconiiformes 1416 Reintroduced[45]. Around 20 white storks pass through the UK each year.[46] A colony at the Knepp Wildland in West Sussex, aided by zoologist Roisin Campbell-Palmer, hopes to reinforce these off-path migrants by introducing adults into a fenced reserve, where the juveniles born will be able to establish other colonies further afield.[47]
Eurasian wryneck Jynx torquilla Piciformes As a regular breeding bird
White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Accipitriformes 1916 Reintroduction projects underway. Successfully re-established on the western coast of Scotland.[48]
Lanner falcon Falco biarmicus Falconiformes 1236–1300 (change of climate)[citation needed]
Western marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus Accipitriformes Late 19th century Re-established
Eurasian goshawk Astur gentilis Accipitriformes Late 19th century Re-established
Red kite Milvus milvus Accipitriformes 1870s (England), 1886 (Scotland) Reintroduced. Having clung on in parts of Wales,[49] red kites have been successfully re-established in parts of England and Scotland.[50]
Osprey Pandion haliaetus Accipitriformes 1916 Re-established
Eurasian eagle-owl Bubo bubo Strigiformes c. 8,000 BCE Re-established[51]

Reptiles

edit

Established in 2020, Celtic Rewilding, aims to reintroduce the lost species of reptile and amphibian that once inhabited Britain, back to rewilding projects.[52] These include the moor frog, European tree frog, agile frog and European pond turtle.[53] They have already had significant success breeding the moor frog in captivity.[54][55] The organisation also wants to see European pond turtles re-established within wetland restoration projects.[56]

Common name Species Order Extinction/extirpation date Notes
European pond turtle Emys orbicularis Testudines ≤ 3000 BCE Currently being reintroduced by Celtic Rewilding

Amphibians

edit
Common name Species Order Extinction/extirpation date Notes
Agile frog Rana dalmatina Anura c. <1800[57][58] Present on Jersey. The species likely became extinct due to deforestation.
Moor frog Rana arvalis Anura c. <1800[57][58] The species likely perished due to a combination of peat-digging (for fuel) and wetland drainage.[58]
Pool frog Pelophylax lessonae Anura 1999[59] Reintroduced[60]

The northern clade of the pool frog was reintroduced from Swedish stock in 2005, to a single site in Norfolk, England, following detailed research to prove that it had been native before its extinction around 1993.

European tree frog Hyla arborea Anura There have been calls for the return of the European tree frog to the wild.[61]

Fish

edit

Insects

edit

Beetles

edit

Bees, wasps and ants

edit

Flies

edit

Butterflies and moths

edit

General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[66]

Dragonflies and damselflies

edit

Caddisflies

edit

Cicada

edit

Arachnids

edit

Crustaceans

edit

Molluscs

edit

Plants

edit

The following are plant species which are or have been held to be at least nationally extinct in Britain and Ireland, since Britain was cut off from the European continent, including any which have been reintroduced or reestablished, not including regional extirpations. Many of these species persist in other countries.

Ajuga genevensis in Germany in 2007. This species is extinct across the whole of the British Isles.
Matthiola sinuata is extinct in Scotland and possibly Ireland and rare or absent in the rest of the British Isles
Spiranthes romanzoffiana recently became extinct in England

[79][84]

Mosses feature frequently in the list. The flowering plant families appearing most frequently in the list are the Asteraceae and the Orchidaceae. Commonly cited reasons for plant extinctions in the UK include habitat loss, drainage, changes to farming systems and overgrazing. The most threatened habitats in the UK include meadows, peat bogs and marshes. The United Kingdom and Ireland both have a relatively small proportion of forest cover compared to other countries. In 2017 the UK was 13% forested[85] In 2019 Ireland was just 11% forested.[86] Charities involved in plant conservation in the UK include The Wildlife Trusts, Plantlife, The Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Back From The Brink and Chester Zoo.[87][88][89][90] Sightings of any of these species should be reported to the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, or the British Bryological Society in the case of mosses.

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ↑ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.

References

edit
  1. ↑ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  2. ↑ Sommer, Robert S.; Kalbe, Johannes; Ekström, Jonas; Benecke, Norbert; Liljegren, Ronnie (February 2014). Svenning, Jens-Christian (ed.). "Range dynamics of the reindeer in Europe during the last 25,000 years". Journal of Biogeography. 41 (2): 298–306. Bibcode:2014JBiog..41..298S. doi:10.1111/jbi.12193. ISSN 0305-0270.
  3. ↑ "Are there any reindeer in Ireland?". independent. 11 December 2013.
  4. ↑ Blackwell, Amy Hackney (18 December 2010). The Myths, Legends, and Lore of Ireland. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4405-0924-7 – via Google Books.
  5. ↑ "Ancient Ireland – Prehistory, Archaeology, Paleogeography, Geology". sites.rootsweb.com.
  6. ↑ Coard, R.; Chamberlain, A. T. (April 1999). "The nature and timing of faunal change in the British Isles across the Pleistocene/Holocene transition". The Holocene. 9 (3): 372–376. Bibcode:1999Holoc...9..372C. doi:10.1191/095968399672435429. ISSN 0959-6836.
  7. 1 2 Yalden, D. (1999), History of British Mammals, London: T. & A.D. Poyser Ltd., ISBN 978-0-85661-110-0
  8. ↑ Sommer, Robert S.; Benecke, Norbert; Lõugas, Lembi; Nelle, Oliver; Schmölcke, Ulrich (November 2011). "Holocene survival of the wild horse in Europe: a matter of open landscape?". Journal of Quaternary Science. 26 (8): 805–812. Bibcode:2011JQS....26..805S. doi:10.1002/jqs.1509. ISSN 0267-8179.
  9. ↑ "Wildwood Trust: Wildwood's horses roaming free in Wales". wildwoodtrust.org. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  10. ↑ "Wild horses help restore moorland". BBC News. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  11. ↑ Schmölcke, U.; Zachos, F.E. (November 2005). "Holocene distribution and extinction of the moose (Alces alces, Cervidae) in Central Europe". Mammalian Biology. 70 (6): 329–344. Bibcode:2005MamBi..70..329S. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2005.08.001.
  12. ↑ "Conservation grazing". National Trust. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  13. ↑ "Walrus basks in Orkney attention". BBC News. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  14. ↑ "Lost history of brown bears in Britain revealed". BBC News. 4 July 2018.
  15. ↑ "Bears". 9 November 2019.
  16. ↑ Britain, Rewilding. "Wolf". Rewilding Britain. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  17. ↑ "Call for lynx and wolf reintroduction". BBC News. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  18. ↑ "About the lynx". lynxuk.org.
  19. 1 2 Raye, Lee (2021). "An 18th century reference to a Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Scotland" (PDF). Mammal Communications. 7. doi:10.59922/XHXV2212.
  20. ↑ "Wild Boar in Britain". www.britishwildboar.org.uk. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  21. ↑ Keuling, O. & Leus, K. 2019. Sus scrofa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T41775A44141833. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41775A44141833.en. Downloaded on 26 August 2021.
  22. ↑ "Feral wild boar in England Status, impact and management A report on behalf of Defra European Wildlife Division" (PDF). National Archives. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  23. ↑ "Feral wild boar in England Status, impact and management A report on behalf of Defra European Wildlife Division" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ↑ "Wild Boar". The British Association for Shooting and Conservation. BASC. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  25. ↑ Begum, Tammana (7 April 2021). "Record numbers of beavers are being introduced to the UK". The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  26. ↑ "Beaver reintroduction in the UK". The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  27. ↑ "The Case for Beavers in Ireland". The Irish Wildlife Trust. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  28. ↑ "Commissioned Report No. 685 The Scottish Beaver Trial: Ecological monitoring of the European beaver Castor fiber and other riparian mammals 2009–2014, final report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  29. ↑ "Tay Beavers Origin". Scottish Wild Beavers. 7 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  30. ↑ "River Otter Beaver Trial – Devon Wildlife Trust". www.devonwildlifetrust.org. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  31. ↑ "Cornwall Beaver Project | Cornwall Wildlife Trust". www.cornwallwildlife.org.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  32. ↑ Carrell, Severin (24 November 2016). "Beavers given native species status after reintroduction to Scotland". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  33. ↑ Hickey, Kieran R. (2000). "A geographical perspective on the decline and extermination of the Irish wolf canis lupus—an initial assessment" (PDF). Irish Geography. 33 (2): 185–198. doi:10.1080/00750770009478590. ISSN 0075-0778. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012.
  34. ↑ "Greater mouse-eared bat". People's Trust for Endangered Species. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  35. ↑ "Greater mouse-eared bat population doubles – to 2! "This is a hugely important discovery"". Bat Conservation Trust. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  36. ↑ "The Holocene distribution of European bison-the archaeozoological record" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  37. ↑ "European bison arrive near Canterbury to manage woodland". BBC. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  38. ↑ Wright, Joe (21 October 2022). "First wild bison born in UK for centuries at Canterbury woods following shock pregnancy". Kent Online. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  39. ↑ Damian, Carrington (24 December 2022). "Bull release completes UK's first wild bison herd in millennia". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  40. ↑ "Two bison calves born in Kent, to ranger's 'absolute astonishment'". Sky News. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  41. ↑ "Dalmatian pelican seen 'for first time' in UK at Land's End". BBC News. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  42. ↑ Derek Yalden; Umberto Albarella (2008). The History of British Birds. OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-921751-9.
  43. ↑ "Spoonbills return to breed in the UK after 300 years". The Independent. 27 August 2000. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  44. ↑ Bill Teale (17 September 2016). "Birdwatch: Rare appearance from Kentish plover". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  45. ↑ "Reintroductions". Knepp Wildland. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  46. ↑ Crisp, Wil (7 July 2018). "White storks to breed in Britain for the first time in 600 years". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  47. ↑ "White Storks". Knepp Wildland. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  48. ↑ George Monbiot (15 July 2015). "15 species that should be brought back to rewild Britain". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  49. ↑ "Red Kite Conservation". The RSPB. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  50. ↑ "The RSPB: Red kite". The RSPB. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  51. ↑ "Eagle owls – are they making a comeback in Britain? – Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust". www.gwct.org.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  52. ↑ "'Who doesn't love a turtle?' The teenage boys on a mission – to rewild Britain with reptiles". The Guardian. 10 January 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  53. ↑ "Guest blog by Celtic Reptile and Amphibian – Mark Avery". markavery.info. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  54. ↑ Horton, Helena (6 April 2021). "Frog turns blue for first time in 700 years amid calls for rare amphibians to be reintroduced to Britain". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  55. ↑ Davis, Margaret (7 April 2021). "Blue Moor Frog Once Again Seen in the UK After 700 Years in Time for Mating Season". Science Times. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  56. ↑ Griffiths, Sarah (24 September 2021). "Can a long-lost turtle help to restore Britain's wetlands?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  57. 1 2 Gleed-Owen, Christopher P. (2000). "Subfossil records of Rana cf. lessonae, Rana arvalis and Rana cf. dalmatina from Middle Saxon (c. 600-950 AD) deposits in eastern England: evidence for native status". Amphibia-Reptilia. 21: 57–65.
  58. 1 2 3 "Investigating the status of Britain's lost frogs - The Churchill Fellowship". www.churchillfellowship.org. 2026. Retrieved 2 June 2026.
  59. ↑ "Species feared extinct as Lucky the pool frog dies". The Independent. 14 January 1999. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  60. ↑ "Breaking New Ground – Northern clade pool frog reintroduction project". The Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  61. ↑ "Can Britain's long lost tree frogs bounce back?". The Independent. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  62. 1 2 "Is this the last burbot caught in the UK? Article dated 24th September 1969". anglingheritage.org. 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018.
  63. ↑ Ford, M. (2024). "Salvelinus inframundus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T135414A137331529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T135414A137331529.en. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  64. 1 2 3 Bumblebee superfacts, BugLife, archived from the original on 5 March 2012, retrieved 23 January 2013
  65. ↑ Macadam, C. (2022). "Poecilobothrus majesticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T123671476A123674314. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T123671476A123674314.en. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  66. ↑ Waring, P.; et al. (2009), Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland, Hook, Hampshire: British Wildlife Publishing, ISBN 978-0-9531399-9-6; "UKMoths | Guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland", UK Moths, Ian Kimber, retrieved 23 January 2013
  67. ↑ Tilbury, Christine (March 2007), Gypsy Moth Advisory Note (PDF), Forest Research: Tree Health Division, retrieved 6 February 2014{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  68. ↑ Patrick Barkham (8 July 2022). "Officially extinct butterfly 'making a comeback' in UK". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  69. ↑ "Viper's Bugloss Hadena irregularis – UK Moths", UK Moths, Ian Kimber, retrieved 23 January 2013
  70. ↑ Gilbert Van Stappen (1996), "Artemia", in Patrick Lavens & Patrick Sorgeloos (ed.), Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, vol. 361, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, pp. 79–106, ISBN 978-92-5-103934-2
  71. ↑ Geoffrey Fryer (2006), "The brine shrimp's tale: a topsy turvy evolutionary fable", Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 88 (3): 377–382, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00623.x
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Botanic Gardens of Ireland - The Red Data List of Irish Plants
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 "The Species Recovery Trust - Lost Life". www.speciesrecoverytrust.org.uk. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  74. 1 2 3 "7 extinct plants in the UK and rarest plants to save". www.woodlandtrust.org.uk.
  75. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens Kew - Grasses
  76. ↑ Harding-Morris, James. Endemic. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781399405669.
  77. ↑ "Reintroduced Species Stamps and Souvenirs | Royal Mail Group Ltd". www.royalmail.com.
  78. ↑ Scientific American - Sweet Smell of Success Follows Reintroduction of Stinking Hawksbeard to UK
  79. 1 2 3 "Distribution maps". 22 April 2016.
  80. ↑ "Ghost orchid". Plantlife.
  81. ↑ The Telegraph - One in Five Welsh Plants in Danger
  82. ↑ BSBI Archive - Watsonia
  83. ↑ [Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora - Matthiola sinuata]
  84. ↑ "British Bryological Society - Distribution Maps". Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  85. ↑ BBC News - Factcheck
  86. ↑ The Farming Independent - Irish Forest Cover at its Highest Level in 350 Years
  87. ↑ "How you can help".
  88. ↑ Heath, Neil; Bevis, Gavin (2 July 2019). "Why are England's roadsides blooming?" – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  89. ↑ "About | Magnificent Meadows". www.magnificentmeadows.org.uk.
  90. ↑ Bird, S. A.; Esseen, P. J.; Hewitt, R. (4 July 2017). "Reintroductions of native plant species to the United Kingdom". International Zoo Yearbook. 51 (1): 32–49. doi:10.1111/izy.12156.

Further reading

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_British_Isles_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&oldid=1357431485"