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Energy density extended reference table

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This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page.

Energy densities table
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary antimatter89,875,517,874depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion576,000,000[1]
Uranium-235 fissile isotope144,000,000[1]1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor3,456,00035%
Pu-238 α-decay2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer1,326,00017,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor443,00035%
Ta-180m isomer41,340689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)216[2]
Specific orbital energy of low Earth orbit (approximate)33.0
Beryllium + oxygen23.9[3]
Lithium + fluorine23.75[citation needed]
Octaazacubane potential explosive22.9[4]
Hydrogen + oxygen13.4[5]
Gasoline + oxygen13.3[citation needed]
Dinitroacetylene explosive – computed[citation needed]9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive8.5[6]16.9[citation needed]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive – computed[citation needed]8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive – computed[citation needed]8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[citation needed]7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive7[7]
Tetranitrocubane explosive – computed[citation needed]6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)[citation needed]6.912.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant – computed[citation needed]6.6
Nitroglycerin6.38[8]10.2[9]
ANFO–ANNM[citation needed]6.26
Lithium–air battery6.12
Octogen (HMX)5.7[8]10.8[10]
TNT[11]4.6106.92
Copper thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)[citation needed]4.1320.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer)4.0018.4
ANFO[citation needed]3.7
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)2.73.8
Li-ion nanowire battery2.5495%[clarification needed][12]
Lithium thionyl chloride battery[13]2.5
Water (220.64 bar, 373.8 °C)[citation needed][clarification needed]1.9680.708
Kinetic energy penetrator[clarification needed]1.930
Lithium–sulfur battery[14]1.80[15]1.26
Fluoride-ion battery [citation needed]1.72.8
Hydrogen closed cycle fuel cell[16]1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)1.61.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)1.42.5
Molten salt1[citation needed]98%[17]
Molecular spring (approximate)[citation needed]1
Lithium metal battery[18][19]0.83-1.011.98-2.09
Sodium–sulfur battery0.72[20][better source needed]1.23[citation needed]85%[21]
Lithium-ion battery[22][23]0.46–0.720.83–3.6[24]95%[25]
Sodium–nickel chloride battery, high temperature[vague]0.56
Zinc–manganese (alkaline) battery, long life design[18][22]0.4-0.591.15-1.43
Silver-oxide battery[18]0.471.8
Flywheel0.36–0.5[26][27]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density[clarification needed]0.43.2
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[28]0.41.55
Liquid nitrogen0.349
Water – enthalpy of fusion0.3340.334
Zinc–bromine flow battery (ZnBr)[29]0.27
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), high-power design as used in cars[30]0.2500.493
Nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd)[22]0.141.0880%[25]
[22]0.130.331
Lead–acid battery[22]0.140.36
Vanadium redox battery0.09[citation needed]0.118870-75%
Vanadium bromide redox battery0.180.25280%–90%[31]
Ultracapacitor0.0199[32]0.050[citation needed]
Supercapacitor0.01[citation needed]80%–98.5%[33]39%–70%[33]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage0.008[34][bare URL]>95%
Capacitor0.002[35]
Neodymium magnet0.003[36]
Ferrite magnet0.0003[36]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring0.0003[citation needed]0.0006
Storage type Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

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  1. 1 2 Prelas, Mark (2015). Nuclear-Pumped Lasers. Springer. p. 135. ISBN 978-3-319-19845-3.
  2. ↑ Silvera, Isaac F.; Cole, John W. (2010-03-01). "Metallic hydrogen: The most powerful rocket fuel yet to exist". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 215 (1) 012194. Bibcode:2010JPhCS.215a2194S. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012194. ISSN 1742-6596.
  3. ↑ Cosgrove, Lee A.; Snyder, Paul E. (2002-05-01). "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (13): 3102–3103. doi:10.1021/ja01109a018.
  4. ↑ Glukhovtsev, Mikhail N.; Jiao, Haijun; Schleyer, Paul von Ragué (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (24): 7124–7133. doi:10.1021/ic9606237. PMID 11666896.
  5. ↑ Miller, Catherine (1 February 2021). "Introduction to Rocket Propulsion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  6. ↑ Ju, Xue-Hai; Wang, Zun-Yao (April 2009). "Theoretical Study on Thermodynamic and Detonation Properties of Polynitrocubanes". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 34 (2). Wiley: 106–109. doi:10.1002/prep.200800007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  7. ↑ Matsunaga, Takehiro; Nakayama, Yoshio; Iida, Mitsuaki; Oinuma, Senzo; Ishikawa, Noboru; Tanaka, Katsumi (May 1992). "Am1 MO Study of Benzene Nitro Derivatives". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 17 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1002/prep.19920170204.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  8. 1 2 "Chemical Explosives". Fas.org. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  9. ↑ Nitroglycerin
  10. ↑ HMX
  11. ↑ Kinney, G. F.; Graham, K. J. (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-15147-0.
  12. ↑ "Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery". Stanford Report. 2007-12-18. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  13. ↑ "Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries". Nexergy. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  14. ↑ "Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet" (PDF). Sion Power. 2005-09-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-28.
  15. ↑ Kolosnitsyn, V. S.; Karaseva, E. V. (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 44 (5): 506–509. doi:10.1134/s1023193508050029. S2CID 97022927.
  16. ↑ "The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell". Llnl.gov. 1994-12-01. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  17. ↑ "Technology". SolarReserve. Archived from the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  18. 1 2 3 "ProCell Lithium battery chemistry". Duracell. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  19. ↑ "Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries". corrosion-doctors.org. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  20. ↑ "New battery could change world, one house at a time". Daily Herald. Utah. 2009-04-04. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  21. ↑ Kita, A.; Misaki, H.; Nomura, E.; Okada, K. (August 1984). "Energy Citations Database (ECD) – Document #5960185". Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. 2. OSTI 5960185.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "Battery energy storage in various battery types". AllAboutBatteries.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  23. ↑ A typically available lithium-ion cell with an energy density of 201 wh/kg "Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh – Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4)". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  24. ↑ "Lithium Batteries". Archived from the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  25. 1 2 Lemire-Elmore, Justin (2004-04-13). "The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles" (PDF). p. 7: Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
  26. ↑ "Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  27. ↑ "Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage". Product Design & Development. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
  28. ↑ "Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  29. ↑ "ZBB Energy Corp". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. 75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram
  30. ↑ High Energy Metal Hydride Battery Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ "V-Fuel Company and Technology Sheet 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  32. ↑ "Ultracapacitors – BCAP3000". Maxwell Technologies. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  33. 1 2 Zdenek, Cerovský; Pavel, Mindl. "Hybrid drive with super-capacitor energy storage" (PDF). Faculty of Mechanical Engineering CTU in Prague. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  34. ↑ Archived February 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ Juvonen, Matti (7 February 2003). "Supercapacitors: replacing batteries" (lecture notes). Department of Computing, Imperial College London. Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  36. 1 2 Rahman, M.; Slemon, G. (September 1985). "Promising applications of neodymium boron Iron magnets in electrical machines" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 21 (5): 1712–1716. Bibcode:1985ITM....21.1712R. doi:10.1109/TMAG.1985.1064113. ISSN 0018-9464. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011.
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