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Shakta pithas

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The Shakta pithas, also called Shakti pithas or Sati pithas (Sanskrit: शाक्त पीठ, Śakta Pīṭha, seats of Devi Sati[1]), are significant shrines and pilgrimage destinations in Shaktism, the mother goddess denomination in Hinduism. The shrines are dedicated to various forms of Adi Shakti.[a] Various Puranas such as Srimad Devi Bhagavatam state the existence of a varying number of 51, 52, 64 and 108 Shakta pithas[2][3] of which 18 are named as Astadasha Maha (major) and 4 are named as Chatasrah Aadi (Sanskrit: चतस्रः आदि, first four) in medieval Hindu texts.[2]

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Temple is one of the 64 and 108 Maha (Major) Shakta pithas and is also the most visited among all. It attracts more than 15 million people annually.[4]

Legends abound about how the Shakta pithas came into existence. The most popular is based on the story of the death of Sati, a deity according to Hinduism. Shiva carried Sati's body, reminiscing about their moments as a couple, and roamed around the universe with it. Vishnu cut her body into 108 body parts, using his Sudarshana Chakra, which fell on earth to become sacred sites where all the people can pay homage to the goddess. To complete this task, Shiva took the form of Bhairava.[5][6][7]

Shri Hinglaj Mata temple Shakta pitha is the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yatra is attended by more than 250,000 people.[8]

Most of these historic places of goddess worship are in India, but there are some in Nepal, seven in Bangladesh, two in Pakistan, and one each in Tibet, Sri Lanka[3] and Bhutan.[9]

Hinduism

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Hindu literature

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The Brahmanda Purana, one of the major eighteen Puranas mentions 64 Shakta pithas of the goddess Parvati.[citation needed] The Kalika Purana gives a list of seven pithas. A later Tantric text, the Kularṇava Tantra, lists the 18 pithas, and the Kubjika Tantra lists 42 pithas.[10] The Pithanirnaya, also called the Mahapithanirupana describes 51 pithas, each associated with a form of the Goddess and a corresponding Bhairava. Sicar notes that a tradition of 52 pithas existed in parts of Bengal due to confusion in the transmission of pitha lists.[11] The growth of the list has been linked to the expansion of Sakta sacred geography in early medieval period.[10]

Daksha yajna

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Shiva carrying the corpse of Dakshayani

Prajapati Daksha organized a yajna but did not invite his daughter, Sati, or her husband, Shiva.[12][7] Dakṣa said that Shiva is a kapālin, the king of goblins, and an inauspicious entity unworthy of receiving sacrificial shares. Despite Shiva's warnings that attending uninvited would lead to severe insult, Satī proceeded to her father's sacrificial enclosure. Upon arrival, Sati was subjected to further insults from Daksha regarding her husband. Unable to tolerate the disrespect, she resolved to abandon her physical body. Scriptural accounts vary on her method of death: some texts state she threw herself into the sacrificial fire, while others describe her using yogic concentration to release her life force. The Mahabhagavata Purana provides a specific variation, stating that Sati created a shadow-form to enter the flames and disrupt the ritual.[13][7]

Upon learning of Sati's death, an enraged Shiva created Virabhadra, who was accompanied by Bhadrakali and Pramathas. Under Shiva's orders, Virabhadra destroyed the sacrificial grounds and decapitated Daksha. Later, after being pacified by Brahma and the other deities, Shiva revived Daksha by replacing his severed head with that of a goat.[5][12][6]

Overwhelmed by grief, Lord Śiva placed the burnt corpse of Satī upon his shoulder and wandered through the cosmos. As he traversed the earth, the limbs and ornaments of the Goddess's body fell in various locations, transforming those sites into sacred Siddhapīṭhas or Śakti Pīṭhas. While the Mahabhagavata Purana enumerates 51 such sites, highlighting Kamakhya in Kamarupa as the prominent location where her yoni fell other scriptures, such as the Devi Bhagavata Purana, list 108 sacred Pithas.[6][5][13][7]

Shakta pithas

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Each temple has shrines for Shakti and Kalabhairava, and most Shakti and Kalabhairava in different Shakta pithas have different names.

Map of India's Shakti pithas

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List of 4 Adi Shakta Pithas

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The scriptures, which include the Devi Bhagvatam Purana, Kalika Purana, recognize four Shakta pithas as sites where most of the energy is. The first pitha is Kamakhya (Assam, Yoni Khaṇḍa - genitals), Vimala (Puri, Pada Khaṇḍa - feet/lower limbs), Kalighat (West Bengal, Dakṣiṇa Padāṅguli - toes of right foot) and Tara Tarini (Berhampur, Stana Khaṇḍa - breasts). Apart from these 4 there are 48 other famous pithas recognized by religious texts. According to the Pithanirnaya Tantra the 51 pithas are in the present day countries of India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan and Pakistan. The Shivacharita besides listing 51 maha-pithas, speaks about 26 more upa-pithas. The Bengali almanac, Vishuddha Siddhanta Panjika too describes the 51 pithas including the present modified addresses. A few of the several accepted listings are given below. In South India, Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh became the site for a 2nd-century temple.

Sr. No. Temple Place State in India/Country Part of the body fallen Shakti
1 Vimala Temple(Inside Jagannath Temple) Puri Odisha Feet Goddess Vimala Devi
2 Kamakhya Guwahati Assam Genitals Goddess Kamakhya
3 Kalighat Temple Kolkata West Bengal Toes Goddess kali
4 Tara Tarini Temple Brhamapur Odisha Breast Goddess Tara Tarini

List of 18 Maha Shakta pithas

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There are believed to be 64 locations. Adi Shankara's Ashtadasha Shakta pitha stotram mentions 18 locations known as the Maha Shakta pithas.[citation needed] Among these, the Shakta pithas at Guwahati, Gaya and Ujjain are regarded as the most sacred as they symbolize the three most important duties of the Mother Goddess viz. Creation (Kamakhya Devi), Nourishment (Sarvamangala Devi), and Annihilation (Mahakali Devi).

Sr. No. Temple Place State in India/Country Appellation Part of the body fallen Shakti Image
1 Historically unknown
Recent claims :
Koneswaram Temple

(no Devi shrine)

 Lanka
Historically undetermined
Recent claims :
Trincomalee (Thirukonamalai)		 Sri Lanka Shankari Pitham Groin Goddess Shankari
2 Kamakshi Amman Temple Kanchipuram Tamil Nadu Kamakoti Pitham Part of Abdomen Goddess Kamakshi
3 Shrinkala Temple Pradmunyee(Pandua) West Bengal Bhavatārini Pitham Part of stomach Goddess Shrinkhala
4 Chamundeshwari Temple Mysuru Karnataka Krouncha Pitham Hair Goddess Chamundeshwari
5 Jogulamba Devi Alampuram Telangana Yogini Pitham Teeth Goddess Jogulamba (Yogamba Thalli)
6 Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Temple Srisailam Andhra Pradesh Srisaila Pitham Neck Goddess Bhramarambika
7 Mahalakshmi Temple Kolhapur Maharashtra Shri Pitham eye Goddess Mahalakshmi (Aai Ambabai Devi)
8 Renuka Mahur Maharashtra Moola Pitham Left hand Goddess Renuka
9 Mahakaleswar Temple Ujjain Madhya Pradesh Ujjaini Pitham Upper lip Goddess Mahakali
10 Kukkuteswara Swamy Temple Pithapuram Andhra Pradesh Pushkarini Pitham Back Goddess Puruhutika
11 Biraja Temple Jajpur Odisha Oddyana Pitham Navel Goddess Biraja
12 Bhimeswara Temple Draksharamam Andhra Pradesh Daksharama Pitham Left cheek Goddess Manikyamba
13 Kamakhya Temple Guwahati Assam Kamarupa Pitham Genitals Goddess Kamakhya
14 Alopi Devi Mandir Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh Prayaga Pitham Fingers Goddess Madhaveshwari
15 Jwalamukhi Temple Jwalamukhi Himachal Pradesh Jwalamukhi Pitham Tongue Goddess Jwala
16 Mangla Gauri Temple Gaya Bihar Gaya Pitham Breast Goddess Sarvamangala
17 Vishalakshi Temple Varanasi Uttar Pradesh Varanasi Pitham Earrings Goddess Vishalakshi
18 Sharada Peeth Sharda Pakistan Sharada Pitham Right hand Goddess Sharada

Sharada Peeth is currently in a ruined state.[14] Only ruins are found in these places. Its ruins are near the Line of Control (LOC)[15] between the Indian and Pakistani-controlled portions of the former princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. Instead, Sringeri Sharada pitham, Sringeri in Karnataka even though not a Shakta pithas, is this aspect of the goddess. It is believed that Goddess Sharada moved from her ruined temple in Kashmir to live in the new temple in Sringeri. Requests have been made by the Hindu community in Pakistan to the Pakistani government to renovate the temple, the issue being raised by former Indian Home minister L. K. Advani to the Pakistan authorities[16] as a confidence-building measure, by increasing the people-to-people cross-border interaction.[15]

Currently, a new Sharada pitha temple has been inaugurated and consecrated by the Indian Government and the Sringeri Sharada Peetham in 2023, in Kupwara district, Jammu and Kashmir, on the other side of the LOC and much farther from the original temple. The Indian Government is planning an international corridor between the old Sharada pitha and India.

In Skanda Purana

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As per Sankara Samhita of Skanda Purana,[17]

  1. Sri Sankari Pitham (Sri Lanka)
  2. Sri Simhika Pitham (Simhala)
  3. Sri Manika Pitham (Draksharamam, Dakshavati)
  4. Sri Shadkala Pitham (Peethapuram)
  5. Sri Bhramaramba Pitham (Srisailam)
  6. Sri Vijaya Pitham (Vijayapura)
  7. Sri Mahalakshmi Pitham (Kolhapur)
  8. Sri padmakshi renuka Pitham (Mahurgad)
  9. Sri Kamakoti Pitham (Kanchipuram)
  10. Sri Kuchananda Pitham (Salagrama)
  11. Sri Biraja Pitham (Jajpur)
  12. Sri Bhadreshwari Pitham (Harmyagiri)
  13. Sri Mahakali Pitham (Ujjain)
  14. Sri Vindhyavasini Pitham (Vindhya mountains)
  15. Sri Mahayogi Pitham (Ahicchatra)
  16. Sri Kanyaka Pitham (Kanyakumari)
  17. Sri Vishalakshi Pitham (Varanasi)
  18. Sri Saraswati Pitham (Kashmir)
  19. Sri Ugratara Shakta pitha (Saharsa)
  20. Sri Abhirami Pitham (Padmagiri, Dindigul)

List of all Shakta pithas

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In the listings below:[citation needed]

  • "Shakti" refers to the Goddess worshipped at each location, all being manifestations of Goddess Sati; later known as Parvati or Durga;
  • "Bhairava" refers to the corresponding consort, each a manifestation of Shiva;
  • "Body Part or Ornament" refers to the body part or piece of jewellery that fell to earth, at the location on which the respective temple is built.

Different texts and temple traditions sometimes identify the same pitha differently, or associate a site with different body parts, goddess names, or Bhairava forms. Some traditions list 51 pithas, while others, such as Matsya Purana list 108. Many local goddess shrines are understood as manifestations or parts of Shakti.[18] One such list is available in the text 'Tantrachūḍamanī'[19] where Parvati tells these details to her son Skanda.

Notes:

  • The Guhyeshwari temple should not be confused with the Shakta pitha mentioned in the Peethanirnaya from Tantra Chudamani, where Sati's both knees are said to have fallen in Nepal and the presiding deity is Mahamaya. According to the Nepal Mahatmya 11.107 and 1.38, Sati's both knees fell near the confluence of the Vishnumati and Bagmati rivers, where the presiding deity is Mahamaya, while the Anus fell near the Bagmati river close to the Mrigasthali of the Pashupati temple, and the deity is Guhyeshwari or Guhyakali.[20]
  • The main idol of the Dhakeshwari Shakta pitha in Bangladesh is currently located to the Kumartuli Dhakeshwari Temple in Kolkata, West Bengal. The temple priest fled to India with the main idol during the partition via a specially chartered train. While in the original shrine, a replica is placed. The original holy gem of Goddess Sati was lost long before (the factual date is unknown). So for the actual idol, visit the Kumartoli shrine.[citation needed]
  • Vindhyavasini Devi Temple at Vindhyachal is considered a Shakta pitha, though no body parts of Sati is linked with the site. Vindhyavasini is considered the combined form of all 108 Shakta pithas as mentioned in the Devi Bhagavata Purana text. In the Krishna birth legend, Vindhyavasini took birth in Gokula to Nanda and Yashoda as per the instruction of Lord Vishnu. Vasudeva replaced his son Krishna with this girl child of Yashoda. When Kamsa tried to kill the girl, she slipped from his hands, assumed her true form and warned Kamsa that his killer (Krishna) still lived on. She left Mathura and the goddess chose the Vindhya Mountains as her abode to live on the earth.[21]

The following list includes pithas identified in different textual and local traditions.

Sr. No. Place State in India/Country Body part or ornament Shakti Bhairava Image
1 A. Amarnath Temple, from Srinagar through Pahalgam
B. Shri Parvat in Ladakh		 Jammu and Kashmir A. Throat
B. Anklet		 Mahamaya Devi Trisandhyeshwar (Amarnath)
2 Attahas Temple, Birbhum West Bengal Lips Phullara Devi Vishweshwar
3 Bahula Temple, Purba Bardhaman West Bengal Left arm Goddess Bahuladevi Bhirukeshwar
4 Bakreshwar Temple Birbhum West Bengal Portion between the eyebrows Mahishamardini devi Vakranatheshwar
5 Vimala Temple, (Inside Jagannath Temple), Puri, (Only place where both Shakta pitha and a dham exists together) Odisha Foot Vimala Devi Jagannatheshwar
6 Bhabanipur Temple, Rajshahi Bangladesh Left anklet (ornament) Aparna Devi Vamaneshwar
7 Biraja Temple, Jajpur Odisha Navel Biraja Devi Varaheshwar (Varaha)
8 Mithila, near Janakpur (This place is worshipped as the birthplace of Goddess Sita) Nepal Left shoulder Uma Devi Mahodareshwar
9 Mahamaya Temple, Kathmandu.[22] Nepal Both knees Mahamaya[23] Devi Kapali
10 Guhyeshwari Temple, near the bank of the Bagmati river, east of the Pashupatinath temple. Nepal Anus[24][25] Guhyakali Devi Pashupati
11 Muktinath Temple.[26] (This temple is also worshipped by Vaishnavites). Nepal Head Gandaki Chandi Devi (avatar of Goddess Lakshmi) Chakrapani (also worshipped as Lord Vishnu)
12 Saptashrungi Temple, Nashik Maharashtra Chin (2 parts) Bhadrakali Saptashrungi Devi Vikritaksheshwar
13 Hinglaj Mata Temple, Balochistan Pakistan Brahmarandhra (soft back part of the head) Hinglaj Devi Bhimalochaneshwar
14 Kalipeeth Temple, Kalighat, Kolkata West Bengal Right toes Kali Devi Nakuleshwar
15 Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati Assam Yoni (genitals) Kamakhya Devi Umanandeshwar or Bhayanandeshwar
16 Kankalitala Temple, Birbhum West Bengal Waist Devgarbha Devi Rurunatheshwar
17 Kanya Kumari Temple, Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu Back Kanyakumari Devi Nimisheshwar
18 Bajreshwari Mata Temple, Kangra Himachal Pradesh Left Breast Jayadurga Devi Abhirunatheshwar
19 Kiriteswari Temple, Murshidabad West Bengal Crown Kiriteshwari Devi Sanvarteshwar
20 Ratnavali Temple, Hooghly (locally known as Anandamayee Tala) West Bengal Right Shoulder Kumari Devi Ghanteshwar
21 Bhramari Devi Temple, Jalpaiguri West Bengal Left leg Bhramari Devi Ambareshwar
22 Holy stone shrine near Mansarovar Lake, Mount Kailash, Tibet China Right hand Dakshayani Devi Kailashnath
23 Ugratara Asthan Temple Bihar Left Eye Goddess Tara Saharsa
24 Manibandh Temple, Pushkar Rajasthan Wrists Gayatri Devi Sarvanandeshwar
25 Indrakshi Temple, Nainativu Sri Lanka Silambu (Anklets) Indrakshi Devi (Nagapooshani / Bhuvaneshvari) Rakshaseshwar (Nayanair)
26 Jayanti Durga Temple, Nartiang Jaintia Hills district. Meghalaya Left thigh Jayanti Devi Kramadishwar
27 Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple Bangladesh Palms of hands and soles of the feet Jeshoreshwari Devi Chandeshwar
28 Jwalamukhi Temple, Kangra Himachal Pradesh Tongue Jwalamukhi Devi (Ambika) Unmatta Bhairaveshwar
29 Panchsagar Temple, Champawat Uttarakhand Lower teeth/ Navel Varahi Devi Maharudra
30 Near Somnath temple, Veraval, Gir Somnath district. It is nearby Triveni Sangam. Gujarat Stomach Chandrabhaga Devi Vakratundeshwar
31 Alopi Devi Mandir near Sangam at Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh Finger Alopi Devi Bhaveshwar
32 Bhadrakali Temple, either in Kurukshetra or Thanesar Haryana Ankle bone Bhadrakali Devi Sthanu
33 Maa Sharda Mandir, Maihar Madhya Pradesh Necklace[27] Sharada Devi Chandeshwar
34 Nandikeshwari Temple, Sainthia city West Bengal Necklace Nandini Devi Nandikeshwar
35 Manikyamba Temple, Draksharamam, Kakinada Andhra Pradesh Navel Manikyamba Bheemeshwar
36 Naina Devi Temple Himachal Pradesh Right eye Mahishamardini Devi Krodhishwar
37 Narmada temple, at the source point of Narmada River in Amarkantak Madhya Pradesh Right buttock Narmada Devi Bhadraseneshwar
38 Bhramaramba Temple, Srisailam Andhra Pradesh, India Neck Bhramarambika Devi Mallikarjuna
39 Narayani Temple, Suchindram Tamil Nadu Upper teeth Narayani Devi Sihareshwar
40 Sugandha Temple, situated in Shikarpur, Gournadi, about 20 km from Barisal town Bangladesh Nose Sugandha Devi Trayambakeshwar
41 Tripura Sundari temple, Udaipur Tripura Right leg Tripura Sundari

(Third mahavidya) (main form of Parvati)

 Kameshwar
42 Ujaani, Purba Bardhaman district West Bengal Right wrist Mangal Chandika Kapilambareshwar
43 Vishalakshi Temple, Varanasi Uttar Pradesh Earring Vishalakshi Devi Kala Bhairaveshwar
44 Vibhash Shakta pitha, Purba Medinipur West Bengal Left ankle Kapalini Devi (Bhimarupa) also known as Bargabhima Devi Sarvanandeshwar
45 Ambika Shakta pitha, Bharatpur, India Rajasthan Fingers of Left Leg Ambika Devi Amritaksheshwar
46 Katyayini Shakta pitha, Vrindavan Uttar Pradesh Ringlets of hair Katyayini Devi Bhuteshwar
47 Devi Talab Mandir, Jalandhar Punjab Left Breast Tripuramalini Devi Bhishaneshwar
48 Baidyanath Dham, Deoghar Jharkhand Heart Jayadurga Devi Vaidyanath
49 Adi Kamakshi Amman Temple (behind Kamakshi Amman Temple), Kanchipuram Tamil Nadu Odyanam (Navel) Kamakshi Devi (Saumya Kali) Ekambareshwar
50 Jogadya, Burdwan district West Bengal Big Toe Jogadya Devi Ksheerkantakeshwar
51 Puruhutika Temple, Kakinada, Pithapuram Andhra Pradesh Hip part Puruhutika Durvaseshwar
52 Arasuri Ambaji Shakta pitha at Gabbar Hill (Golden Temple of Gujarat) Gujarat Heart Amba Batuka Bhairava
53 Danteshwari Temple, Dantewada Chhattisgarh Tooth Danteshwari Devi Kapala Bhairava
54 Tara Tarini, Brhamapur, Ganjam Odisha Breast Tara Tarini Devi Tumbeshwar
55 Nalhateswari, Nalhati West Bengal Stomach/Nauli Kalika Devi Jogeshwar
56 Avanti Temple, Ujjain Madhya Pradesh Elbow Avanti Devi Lambkarneshwar
57 Shankari Temple, originally located in an unknown place. This shrine is now identified with Koneswaram Temple in Trincomalee. Sri Lanka Groin Shankari Devi Trikoneshwar
58 Mahalakshmi Temple, Shri Shail, Sylhet Bangladesh Neck Mahalakshmi Sambaranandeshwar
59 Dhakeshwari Temple (now relocated at Dhakeswari Mata Temple), Kumartoli Dhaka, Bangladesh

Currently in West Bengal, India

 Gem of Sati's Crown Dhakeshwari Devi (a form of Durga) Shiva
60 Tarapith Rampurhat West Bengal Third eye Tara Devi (second mahavidya) Chandrachuda Bhairava
61 Chinnamastika Temple, Chintpurni Himachal Pradesh Foot Chhinnamastika Devi Rudra Mahadeva
62 Kaali Mandir,Pavagadh Archaeological Park. Gujarat Right leg toe Mahakali Devi Batuka Bhairava
63 Aranya Devi Temple, Arrah Bihar Right thigh[28] Aranyani Bhuma Bhairava
64 Tuljabhavani Temple, Tuljapur Maharashtra Tuljabhavani Devi Bhairava
65 Vaishno Devi Temple, Katra Jammu and Kashmir Skull/Right arm[29] Vaishno Devi Bhairava
66 Tripura Sundari Temple, Banswara Rajasthan Unknown Goddess Tripura Sundari Aanand Bhairava
67 Chattal Bhavani Temple, Chittagong Bangladesh Upper teeth Chattal Bhawani Devi Chandrashekhar
68 Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple, Bengaluru Karnataka Ear[19][30] Goddess Tripura Sundari as Rajarajeshwari Abiru Bhairava

See also

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Further reading

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Also known as Durga

References

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  1. ↑ Fuller, Christopher John (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  2. 1 2 Vanamali (2008). Shakti: Realm of the Divine Mother. Inner Traditions. pp. 83–84, 143–144. ISBN 978-1-59477-785-1. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  3. 1 2 Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  4. ↑ "Everything you wanted to know about visiting Vaishno Devi". India Times. 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 Swami Vijñanananda (1921). "Chapter 30". Śrīmad Devī Bhāgavatam. Vol. Book 7. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited. ISBN 9788121505918. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  6. 1 2 3 "Mahābhāgavata Purāṇa (Upapurāṇa) - Chapter 11". Wisdom Library.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Pratap, Surendra (ed.). "Chapter 18". The Kalika Purana. Translated by Shastri, B. N. Nag Publishers.
  8. ↑ "Mata Hinglaj Yatra: To Hingol, a pilgrimage to reincarnation". tribune.com.pk. 19 April 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  9. ↑ "Significance of Bhairab Kunda Temple in Bhutan". Kuensel Online. Archived from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  10. 1 2 Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 619. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9.
  11. ↑ Sircar, Dineschandra (1973-01-01). The Śākta Pīṭhas. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House. pp. 3–4, 37. ISBN 978-81-208-0879-9.
  12. 1 2 G. V. Tagare (1950). "Adhyāya 2, 3, & 5". The Bhagavata Purana. ISBN 9788120838208. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  13. 1 2 G. V. Tagare. "Adhyāya 2 & 3". The Skanda Purana. Vol. Māheśvara Khaṇḍa, Kedāra Khaṇḍa.
  14. ↑ Pollock, Sheldon (2006). Language of the Gods in the World of Men. University of California Press.
  15. 1 2 "Pandits denied entry into temple in Pakistan Administered Kashmir". The Hindu. 3 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  16. ↑ "Pak should renovate Sharada Temple in Pakistan Administered Kashmir: Advani". zeenews.india. 2 May 2007. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  17. ↑ "Dindigul Padmachala Sthala Puranam (Rockfort Abiramiamman temple)" (in Tamil).
  18. ↑ Eck, Diana L. (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony Books. pp. 27, 292–297. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0.
  19. 1 2 eGangotri. Tantra Chudamani Chapter 1 Quarter 1 4322 Gha Alm 20 Shlf 2 Devanagari Mimansa.
  20. ↑ Joshi, Narayana (2009). Temples of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Education Publishing. p. 25.
  21. ↑ "District Census Handbook Mirzapur" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  22. ↑ Acharya, Jayaraja. Nepal Mahatmya. Nirala Publication. p. 133. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  23. ↑ Sircar, Dineshchandra. The Shakta Pithas. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 45. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  24. ↑ Paudel, Nayanath. Bhasha Vamshavali (in Nepali). Nepal Rashtriya Pustakalaya. p. 3. Retrieved 2025-08-28. "नेपालमध्ये गुह्यस्थान पतन हुदा श्रीगुह्येश्वरी भनी महापीठ भयो। इकार बीज भयाका नेपाल जो छन्‌ सो त्यहाँ गुदस्थान पतन हुँदा वामाचारको मुलस्थान भनी त्यसकन भन्दछन्‌।"
  25. ↑ Lucia Weiler, Katharina Maria. The Neoclassical Residences Of The Newars In Nepal. p. 244. Retrieved 2025-08-28.
  26. ↑ Tantra Chudamani. pp. Lines 13–14. Archived from the original on 2015-08-19. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  27. ↑ "About Maihar Temple". Archived from the original on 2018-08-13. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  28. ↑ "माता का वो शक्तिपीठ जहां पूरी होती है अधूरी मनोकामना, मत्स्य पुराण में भी स्वरूप का वर्णन". Zee News (in Hindi). 22 Sep 2020.
  29. ↑ "History | Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board". www.maavaishnodevi.org. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  30. ↑ "Sri Kailash Ashrama Mahasamsthana | Rajeshwari Temple". 2016-05-09. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
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