The 108 Heroes (一百零八條好漢) are the main characters of the Chinese classical novel Water Margin, which was written in the 14th century and attributed to Shi Nai'an. The heroes are divided into the 36 Heavenly Spirits and 72 Earthly Fiends, groups that are based on a belief in Taoism that Ursa Major has 36 heavenly stars and 72 earthly stars. The 108 Heroes represent 108 demons who were banished by Shangdi, a supreme deity in Chinese folk religion. Having repented since their banishment, the demons are released from imprisonment by accident, and are reborn in the world as 108 heroes who band together for the cause of justice. The bulk of the novel describes the lives of these men and women and how they came to come together at Liangshan Marsh to rebel against the corrupt officials controlling the government of the ruling Song dynasty.
Appearances and mentions in other stories
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The motif of pairings between 36 and 72 stars, possibly inspired from Dipper, were common among Chinese mythologies and folk tales, including Water Margin, which represented by the number of its protagonists.[1] The religious theme of these 108 demons that incarnated into the 108 Liangshan bandits apparently drew inspiration from the 36 heavenly spirits and 72 earth fiends that also appeared in a later Chinese vernacular novel titled Fengshen Yanyi. In that novel, the 108 demons were gathered by Jiang Taigong to fight against King Zhou of Shang.[2] Liu Ts'un-yan added that the motif of 108 stars (36 spirits and 72 fiends representatives) constellation which appeared in both works were influenced by Buddhism and Taoism.[3]
One Heavenly Spirit, Lu Zhishen, is represented in a folktale as a sworn brother of Zhou Tong.[4]
According to The Oral Traditions of Yangzhou Storytelling, several popular folktales about Wu Song, a Heavenly Spirit, from the "Wang School" of Yangzhou storytelling, state that he killed the tiger "in the middle of the tenth month" of the "Xuanhe year [1119]" (the emphasis belongs to the original author).[5]
In Iron Arm, Golden Sabre, Sun Li, an Earthly Fiend, is portrayed as a fellow student of Zhou Tong and Luan Tingyu.[6]
In Louis Cha's wuxia novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes, Guo Sheng, an Earthly Fiend, is said to be the ancestor of the protagonist, Guo Jing.[7]
36 Heavenly Spirits
edit| Rank (overall) | Rank (Heavenly Spirits) | Star | Name | Nickname | Other names | Division | Designation | Background | Ancestral home / Place of origin | Chapter of first appearance | Weapon(s) | Image | Cause of death | Honorary title / Posthumous title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | Leader Star 天魁星 | Song Jiang 宋江 | "Protector of Righteousness" 呼保義 | Gongming 公明 / "Timely Rain" 及時雨 / "Filial and Righteous Dark Third Son" 孝義黑三郎 | Command | Commander | magistrate's clerk | Yuncheng County, Shandong | 18 |  | suicide by poisoning | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 2 | 2 | Strength Star 天罡星 | Lu Junyi 盧俊義 | "Jade Qilin" 玉麒麟 | Command | Deputy Commander | squire | Daming Prefecture (present-day Daming County, Hebei) | 60 | spear / lance, staff, podao |  | poisoning / drowning | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 3 | 3 | Knowledge Star 天機星 | Wu Yong 吳用 | "Resourceful Star" 智多星 | Xuejiu 學究 | Intelligence | Chief Strategist | teacher | Yuncheng County, Shandong | 14 | a pair of copper chains | _(BM_1906,1220,0.1311).jpg){kind=spacer} | suicide by hanging | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] |
| 4 | 4 | Leisure Star 天閒星 | Gongsun Sheng 公孫勝 | "Dragon in the Clouds" 入雲龍 | Intelligence | Chief Strategist | Taoist | Jizhou (present-day Jizhou, Tianjin) | 14 | ancient copper sword |  | declined | ||
| 5 | 5 | Brave Star 天勇星 | Guan Sheng 關勝 | "Great Blade" 大刀 | Cavalry | Left General of the Five Tiger Generals | military officer | Yuncheng, Shanxi | 63 | Green Dragon Crescent Blade |  | illness | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 6 | 6 | Majestic Star 天雄星 | Lin Chong 林沖 | "Panther Head" 豹子頭 | "Little Zhang Fei" 小張飛 | Cavalry | Right General of the Five Tiger Generals | martial arts instructor | Dongjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan) | 7 | serpent spear, podao |  | paralysis | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] |
| 7 | 7 | Fierce Star 天猛星 | Qin Ming 秦明 | "Fiery Thunderbolt" 霹靂火 | Cavalry | Vanguard General of the Five Tiger Generals | military officer | Kaizhou (present-day Puyang, Henan) | 34 | wolf-toothed mace |  | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 8 | 8 | Prestige Star 天威星 | Huyan Zhuo 呼延灼 | "Double Clubs" 雙鞭 | Cavalry | Rear General of the Five Tiger Generals | military officer | Taiyuan, Shanxi | 54 | a pair of steel clubs |  | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | ||
| 9 | 9 | Hero Star 天英星 | Hua Rong 花榮 | "Little Li Guang" 小李廣 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Vanguard Commander | military officer | Qingfeng Fort (in present-day Qingzhou, Shandong) | 33 | spear / lance; bow and arrows |  | suicide by hanging | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 10 | 10 | Noble Star 天貴星 | Chai Jin 柴進 | "Little Whirlwind" 小旋風 | Ke Yin 柯引 | Logistics | Chief Accountant | nobleman | Cangzhou, Hebei | 9 | spear / lance |  | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 11 | 11 | Wealth Star 天富星 | Li Ying 李應 | "Striking Hawk" 撲天雕 | Logistics | Chief Accountant | squire | Yunzhou (around present-day Dongping County, Shandong) | 47 | steel alloy spear / lance, daggers |  | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | ||
| 12 | 12 | Fulfillment Star 天滿星 | Zhu Tong 朱仝 | "Lord of the Beautiful Beard" 美鬚公 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Vanguard Commander | constable | Yuncheng County, Shandong | 13 | sabre |  | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | ||
| 13 | 13 | Solitary Star 天孤星 | Lu Zhishen 魯智深 | "Flowery Monk" 花和尚 | Lu Da 魯達 | Infantry | Commander | military officer | Weizhou (around present-day Pingliang, Gansu) | 3 | Monk's spade, Dagger |  | natural causes | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] |
| 14 | 14 | Harm Star 天傷星 | Wu Song 武松 | "Pilgrim" 行者 / "Tiger-slaying Hero" 打虎英雄 | "Wu the Second" 武二郎 | Infantry | Commander | constable | Qinghe County, Hebei | 23 | a pair of sabres, quarterstaff | .jpg) | natural causes | "Grandmaster Qingzhong" 清忠祖師[8] |
| 15 | 15 | Steadfast Star 天立星 | Dong Ping 董平 | "General of Double Spears" 雙槍將 | "Refined and Cultured General of Double Spears" 風流雙槍將 | Cavalry | Central General of the Five Tiger Generals | military officer | Shangdang (around present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi) | 69 | a pair of spears |  | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] |
| 16 | 16 | Agile Star 天捷星 | Zhang Qing 張清 | "Featherless Arrow" 沒羽箭 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Vanguard Commander | military officer | Zhangde Prefecture (present-day Anyang, Henan) | 70 | spear / lance, stones |  | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 17 | 17 | Dark Star 天暗星 | Yang Zhi 楊志 | "Blue Faced Beast" 青面獸 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Vanguard Commander | military officer | Taiyuan, Shanxi | 12 | sabre, spear / lance |  | illness | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 18 | 18 | Guardian Star 天祐星 | Xu Ning 徐寧 | "Gold Lancer" 金槍手 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Vanguard Commander | martial arts instructor | Henan | 56 | hooked lance |  | died of wounds | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 19 | 19 | Flight Star 天空星 | Suo Chao 索超 | "Impatient Vanguard" 急先鋒 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Vanguard Commander | military officer | Hebei | 13 | golden axe |  | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 20 | 20 | Speed Star 天速星 | Dai Zong 戴宗 | "Magic Traveller" 神行太保 | Reconnaissance | Chief | prison warden | Jiangzhou (present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 38 | sword |  | natural causes | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 21 | 21 | Deviance Star 天異星 | Liu Tang 劉唐 | "Red Haired Devil" 赤髮鬼 | Infantry | Commander | smuggler | Dongluzhou (present-day Changzhi, Shanxi) | 14 | podao |  | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 22 | 22 | Killer Star 天殺星 | Li Kui 李逵 | "Black Whirlwind" 黑旋風 | "Iron Ox" 鐵牛 | Infantry | Commander | jailer | Baizhang Village (in present-day Yishui County, Shandong) | 37 | a pair of axes, podao |  | suicide by poisoning | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] |
| 23 | 23 | Minute Star 天微星 | Shi Jin 史進 | "Nine Tattooed Dragons" 九紋龍 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Vanguard Commander | village headman | Huayin County (present-day Huayin, Weinan, Shaanxi) | 2 | staff, podao |  | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 24 | 24 | Investigative Star 天究星 | Mu Hong 穆弘 | "Unrestrained" 沒遮攔 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Vanguard Commander | scion | Jieyang Town (in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 37 | podao |  | illness | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 25 | 25 | Retreat Star 天退星 | Lei Heng 雷橫 | "Winged Tiger" 插翅虎 | Infantry | Commander | blacksmith, constable | Yuncheng County, Shandong | 13 | podao | _(BM_2008,3037.10060).jpg) | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 26 | 26 | Longevity Star 天壽星 | Li Jun 李俊 | "River Dragon" 混江龍 | Navy | Commander | salt smuggler | Luzhou (present-day Hefei, Anhui) | 36 | sword | _(BM_2008,3037.10031).jpg) | declined | ||
| 27 | 27 | Sword Star 天劍星 | Ruan Xiao'er 阮小二 | "Tai Sui Who Stands His Ground" 立地太歲 | Navy | Commander | fisherman | Shijie Village (in present-day Liangshan County, Shandong) | 15 | _(BM_2008,3037.10046).jpg) | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | ||
| 28 | 28 | Balance Star 天平星 | Zhang Heng 張橫 | "Boatman" 船火兒 | Navy | Commander | pirate | Jieyang Ridge (in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi | 37 |  | illness | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | ||
| 29 | 29 | Guilt Star 天罪星 | Ruan Xiaowu 阮小五 | "Short-lived Second Brother" 短命二郎 | Navy | Commander | fisherman | Shijie Village (in present-day Liangshan County, Shandong) | 15 |  | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | ||
| 30 | 30 | Damage Star 天損星 | Zhang Shun 張順 | "White Jumping in the Waves" 浪裡白跳 / "White Stripe in the Waves" 浪裡白條 | Navy | Commander | fisherman | Jieyang Ridge (in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi | 37 |  | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | ||
| 31 | 31 | Defeat Star 天敗星 | Ruan Xiaoqi 阮小七 | "Living King Yama (活閻羅) | Navy | Commander | fisherman | Shijie Village (in present-day Liangshan County, Shandong) | 15 |  | stripped of honour[9] | |||
| 32 | 32 | Secure Star 天牢星 | Yang Xiong 楊雄 | "Sick Guan Suo" 病關索 | Infantry | Commander | jailer, executioner | Henan | 44 | _(BM_2008,3037.10007).jpg) | illness | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | ||
| 33 | 33 | Wisdom Star 天慧星 | Shi Xiu 石秀 | "Daredevil Third Brother" 拚命三郎 | Infantry | Commander | firewood seller | Jiankang Prefecture (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) | 44 | _(BM_2008,3037.10055).jpg) | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | ||
| 34 | 34 | Savage Star 天暴星 | Xie Zhen 解珍 | "Double-headed Serpent" 兩頭蛇 | Infantry | Commander | hunter | Dengzhou (around present-day Penglai, Shandong) | 49 | bronze-alloy fork | _(BM_2008,3037.10045).jpg) | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 35 | 35 | Crying Star 天哭星 | Xie Bao 解寶 | "Twin-tailed Scorpion" 雙尾蠍 | Infantry | Commander | hunter | Dengzhou (around present-day Penglai, Shandong) | 49 | bronze-alloy fork | .jpg) | killed in action | "Martial Gentleman of Loyalty" 忠武郎[8] | |
| 36 | 36 | Skilful Star 天巧星 | Yan Qing 燕青 | "Prodigal / Wanderer" 浪子 | Infantry | Commander | Lu Junyi's steward | Daming Prefecture (present-day Daming County, Hebei) | 60 | crossbow |  | declined |
72 Earthly Fiends
edit| Rank (overall) | Rank (Earthly Fiends) | Star | Name | Nickname | Division | Designation | Background | Ancestral home / Place of origin | Chapter of first appearance | Weapon(s) | Picture | Cause of death | Honorary title / Posthumous title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37 | 1 | Leader Star 地魁星 | Zhu Wu 朱武 | "Resourceful Strategist" 神機軍師 | Intelligence | Strategist | outlaw | Dingyuan (present-day Dingyuan County, Anhui) | 2 | a pair of swords |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 38 | 2 | Malignant Star 地煞星 | Huang Xin 黃信 | "Guardian of Three Mountains" 鎮三山 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | military officer | Qingzhou (in present-day Shandong) | 33 | sword of death | _(BM_2008,3037.10010).jpg) | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 39 | 3 | Brave Star 地勇星 | Sun Li 孫立 | "Sick Yuchi" 病尉遲 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | military officer | Qiongzhou (present-day Hainan) | 49 | spear / lance, steel clubs | _(BM_2008,3037.10009).jpg) | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 40 | 4 | Prominence Star 地傑星 | Xuan Zan 宣贊 | "Ugly Prince Consort" 醜郡馬 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | military officer | 63 | sabre | _(BM_2008,3037.10058).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 41 | 5 | Magnificent Star 地雄星 | Hao Siwen 郝思文 | "Wood Dog of Well" 井木犴 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | military officer | 63 | _(BM_2008,3037.10049).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 42 | 6 | Majestic Star 地威星 | Han Tao 韓滔 | "General of a Hundred Victories" 百勝將 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | military officer | Dongjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan) | 55 |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 43 | 7 | Hero Star 地英星 | Peng Qi 彭玘 | "General of Heavenly Vision" 天目將 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | military officer | Dongjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan) | 55 | trident with three spikes and two blades | _(BM_2008,3037.10064).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 44 | 8 | Unique Star 地奇星 | Shan Tinggui 單廷珪 | "General of Sacred Water" 聖水將軍 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | military officer | Lingzhou (present-day Ling County, Shandong) | 67 | black spear / lance, bow and arrows |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 45 | 9 | Fierce Star 地猛星 | Wei Dingguo 魏定國 | "General of Holy Fire" 神火將軍 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | military officer | Lingzhou (present-day Ling County, Shandong) | 67 | sabre, bow and arrows |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 46 | 10 | Literature Star 地文星 | Xiao Rang 蕭讓 | "Sacred-handed Scholar" 聖手書生 | Administration | Chief Secretary | scholar, calligrapher | Jizhou (around present-day Jining and Heze, Shandong) | 39 | _(BM_2008,3037.10051).jpg) | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 47 | 11 | Upright Star 地正星 | Pei Xuan 裴宣 | "Iron-faced Magistrate's Clerk" 鐵面孔目 | Administration | Chief Justice | magistrate's clerk | Jingzhao Prefecture (around present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi) | 44 |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 48 | 12 | Wide Star 地闊星 | Ou Peng 歐鵬 | "Golden Wings Brushing Against the Clouds" 摩雲金翅 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | outlaw | Huangzhou (in present-day Huanggang, Hubei) | 41 |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 49 | 13 | Whole Star 地闔星 | Deng Fei 鄧飛 | "Fiery-eyed Suanni" 火眼狻猊 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | outlaw | Xiangyang, Hubei | 44 | iron chain with spikes |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 50 | 14 | Strong Star 地強星 | Yan Shun 燕順 | "Multicoloured Tiger" 錦毛虎 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | outlaw | Laizhou (around present-day Yantai, Shandong) | 32 | sabre |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 51 | 15 | Dark Star 地暗星 | Yang Lin 楊林 | "Multicoloured Leopard" 錦豹子 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | outlaw | Zhangde Prefecture (present-day Anyang, Henan) | 44 | iron spear / lance |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 52 | 16 | Axis Star 地軸星 | Ling Zhen 凌振 | "Heaven-shaking Thunder" 轟天雷 | Artillery | Commander | military officer | Yanling (present-day Yanling County, Henan) | 55 | spear / lance |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 53 | 17 | Meet Star 地會星 | Jiang Jing 蔣敬 | "Divine Mathematician" 神算子 | Logistics | Accountant | outlaw | Tanzhou (around present-day Changsha, Hunan) | 41 |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 54 | 18 | Aid Star 地佐星 | Lü Fang 呂方 | "Little Marquis of Wen" 小溫侯 | Cavalry | Central Camp Guardian | outlaw | Tanzhou (around present-day Changsha, Hunan) | 35 | fangtian ji | _(BM_2008,3037.10056).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 55 | 19 | Help Star 地祐星 | Guo Sheng 郭盛 | "Comparable to Rengui" 賽仁貴 | Cavalry | Central Camp Guardian | outlaw | Jialing (present-day Jialing District, Nanchong, Sichuan) | 35 | fangtian ji | _(BM_2008,3037.10047).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 56 | 20 | Efficacious Star 地靈星 | An Daoquan 安道全 | "Divine Physician" 神醫 | Medical | Physician | physician | Jiankang Prefecture (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) | 65 |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 57 | 21 | Beast Star 地獸星 | Huangfu Duan 皇甫端 | "Purple-bearded Count" 紫髯伯 | Medical | Veterinarian | veterinarian | Youzhou (around present-day Beijing) | 70 |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 58 | 22 | Minute Star 地微星 | Wang Ying 王英 | "Stumpy Tiger" 矮腳虎 | Cavalry | Commander | outlaw | Huai River region | 31 |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 59 | 23 | Bright Star 地慧星 | Hu Sanniang 扈三娘 | "One Zhang of Blue" 一丈青 | Cavalry | Commander | scion | Yunzhou (around present-day Dongping County, Shandong) | 47 | a pair of sabres, lasso |  | killed in action | "Lady of Huayang Commandery" 花陽郡夫人[8] |
| 60 | 24 | Savage Star 地暴星 | Bao Xu 鮑旭 | "God of Death" 喪門神 | Infantry | Commander | outlaw | Kouzhou (present-day Guan County, Shandong) | 67 | broad-bladed sword |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 61 | 25 | Correct Star 地然星 | Fan Rui 樊瑞 | "Demon King of Chaos" 混世魔王 | Infantry | Commander | outlaw | Puzhou (around present-day Juancheng County, Shandong) | 60 | netherworld demon king sword, dark chain meteor hammer |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 62 | 26 | Wild Star 地猖星 | Kong Ming 孔明 | "Hairy Star" 毛頭星 | Infantry | Central Camp Guardian | scion | Qingzhou (in present-day Shandong) | 57 | spear / lance | _(BM_2008,3037.10041).jpg) | illness | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 63 | 27 | Crazy Star 地狂星 | Kong Liang 孔亮 | "Lonely Fiery Star" 獨火星 | Infantry | Central Camp Guardian | scion | Qingzhou (in present-day Shandong) | 57 | spear / lance | .jpg) | drowning | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 64 | 28 | Flying Star 地飛星 | Xiang Chong 項充 | "Eight-armed Nezha" 八臂哪吒 | Infantry | Commander | outlaw | Pei County, Xuzhou | 59 | spear / lance, daggers |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 65 | 29 | Walking Star 地走星 | Li Gun 李袞 | "Sky Soaring Great Sage" 飛天大聖 | Infantry | Commander | outlaw | Pei County, Xuzhou | 59 | sword, short javelins | _(BM_2008,3037.10019).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 66 | 30 | Skilful Star 地巧星 | Jin Dajian 金大堅 | "Jade Armed Craftsman" 玉臂匠 | Administration | Head Craftsman | craftsman | Jizhou (around present-day Jining and Heze, Shandong) | 39 |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 67 | 31 | Bright Star 地明星 | Ma Lin 馬麟 | "Iron Flute Deity" 鐵笛仙 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | outlaw | Jiankang Prefecture (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) | 41 | a pair of sabres | _(BM_2008,3037.10065).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 68 | 32 | Forward Star 地進星 | Tong Wei 童威 | "Dragon Emerging from a Cave" 出洞蛟 | Navy | Commander | salt smuggler | Jieyang Ridge (in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 37 |  | declined | ||
| 69 | 33 | Retreating Star 地退星 | Tong Meng 童猛 | "River Churning Clam" 翻江蜃 | Navy | Commander | salt smuggler | Jieyang Ridge (in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 37 |  | declined | ||
| 70 | 34 | Full Star 地滿星 | Meng Kang 孟康 | "Jade Flagpole" 玉幡竿 | Logistics | Chief Shipwright | outlaw | Zhending Prefecture (around present-day Zhengding County, Hebei) | 44 |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 71 | 35 | Succeed Star 地遂星 | Hou Jian 侯健 | "Interconnected-Arm Gibbon" 通臂猿 | Logistics | Chief Tailor | tailor | Hongdu (present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi) | 41 |  | drowning | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 72 | 36 | Complete Star 地周星 | Chen Da 陳達 | "Stream-leaping Tiger" 跳澗虎 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | outlaw | Ye (present-day Handan, Hebei) | 2 | iron spear / lance |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 73 | 37 | Latent Star 地隱星 | Yang Chun 楊春 | "White Flower Serpent" 白花蛇 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | outlaw | Jieliang (present-day Jiezhou Town, Yanhu District, Yuncheng, Shanxi) | 2 | sabre |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 74 | 38 | Different Star 地異星 | Zheng Tianshou 鄭天壽 | "Fair-skinned Gentleman" 白面郎君 | Infantry | Commander | outlaw | Suzhou, Jiangsu | 32 | _(BM_2008,3037.10018).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 75 | 39 | Manage Star 地理星 | Tao Zongwang 陶宗旺 | "Nine-Tailed Turtle" 九尾龜 | Logistics | Construction Supervisor | outlaw | Guangzhou (around present-day Huangchuan County, Henan) | 41 | iron shovel |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 76 | 40 | Handsome Star 地俊星 | Song Qing 宋清 | "Iron Fan" 鐵扇子 | Logistics | Banquet Organiser | farmer | Yuncheng County, Shandong | 18 |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 77 | 41 | Music Star 地樂星 | Yue He 樂和 | "Iron Whistle" 鐵叫子 | Infantry | Commander | jailer | Maozhou (present-day Changyi, Shandong) | 49 |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 78 | 42 | Victorious Star 地捷星 | Gong Wang 龔旺 | "Flowery-necked Tiger" 花項虎 | Infantry | Commander | military officer | Dongchang Prefecture (present-day Dongchangfu, Liaocheng, Shandong | 70 | spear / lance |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 79 | 43 | Speed Star 地速星 | Ding Desun 丁得孫 | "Arrow-hit Tiger" 中箭虎 | Infantry | Commander | military officer | Dongchang Prefecture (present-day Dongchangfu, Liaocheng, Shandong | 70 | forked spear |  | poisoning | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 80 | 44 | Guardian Star 地鎮星 | Mu Chun 穆春 | "Little Restrained" 小遮攔 | Infantry | Commander | scion | Jieyang Town (in present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi) | 36 | sabre |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 81 | 45 | Check Star 地稽星 | Cao Zheng 曹正 | "Knife-wielding Demon" 操刀鬼 | Logistics | Head Butcher | butcher | Kaifeng | 17 |  | died of wounds | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 82 | 46 | Devil Star 地魔星 | Song Wan 宋萬 | "Giant in the Clouds" 雲裏金剛 | Infantry | Commander | outlaw | 11 | _(BM_2008,3037.10066).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 83 | 47 | Demon Star 地妖星 | Du Qian 杜遷 | "Touching the Sky" 摸着天 | Infantry | Commander | outlaw | 11 |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 84 | 48 | Tranquil Star 地幽星 | Xue Yong 薛永 | "Sick Tiger" 病大蟲 | Infantry | Commander | medicine peddler | Luoyang, Henan | 36 | | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 85 | 49 | Concealment Star 地伏星 | Shi En 施恩 | "Golden Eyed Tiger Cub" 金眼彪 | Infantry | Commander | prison warden | Mengzhou, Jiaozuo, Henan | 28 |  | drowning | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 86 | 50 | Remote Star 地僻星 | Li Zhong 李忠 | "Tiger-slaying General" 打虎將 | Infantry | Commander | medicine peddler | Haozhou (present-day Fengyang County, Anhui) | 3 |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 87 | 51 | Empty Star 地空星 | Zhou Tong 周通 | "Little Conqueror" 小覇王 | Cavalry | Tiger Cub Patrol Commander | outlaw | Qingzhou (in present-day Shandong) | 5 | shiny green metal alloy spear / lance |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 88 | 52 | Solitary Star 地孤星 | Tang Long 湯隆 | "Gold Coin Spotted Leopard" 金錢豹子 | Logistics | Chief Armourer | blacksmith | Yan'an, Shaanxi | 54 |  | died of wounds | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 89 | 53 | Complete Star 地全星 | Du Xing 杜興 | "Demon Face" 鬼臉兒 | Reconnaissance | Commander | Li Ying's steward | Zhongshan (present-day Dingzhou, Hebei) | 46 | _(BM_2008,3037.10026).jpg) | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 90 | 54 | Short Star 地短星 | Zou Yuan 鄒淵 | "Forest Emerging Dragon" 出林龍 | Infantry | Commander | outlaw | Laizhou, Shandong | 49 | flying tiger staff | _(BM_2008,3037.10059).jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 91 | 55 | Horn Star 地角星 | Zou Run 鄒潤 | "Single Horned Dragon" 獨角龍 | Infantry | Commander | outlaw | Laizhou, Shandong | 49 | _(BM_2008,3037.10015).jpg) | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 92 | 56 | Prisoner Star 地囚星 | Zhu Gui 朱貴 | "Dry Land Alligator" 旱地忽律 | Reconnaissance | Commander | outlaw | Yishui County, Shandong | 11 |  | illness | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 93 | 57 | Hidden Star 地藏星 | Zhu Fu 朱富 | "Sneering Tiger" 笑面虎 | Logistics | Brewery Master | tavern owner | Yishui County, Shandong | 43 |  | illness | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 94 | 58 | Level Star 地平星 | Cai Fu 蔡福 | "Iron Arm" 鐵臂膊 | Administration | Chief Executioner | jailer, executioner | Daming Prefecture (present-day Daming County, Hebei) | 62 |  | died of wounds | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 95 | 59 | Harm Star 地損星 | Cai Qing 蔡慶 | "Stalk of Flower" 一枝花 | Administration | Chief Executioner | jailer, executioner | Daming Prefecture (present-day Daming County, Hebei) | 62 |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 96 | 60 | Slave Star 地奴星 | Li Li 李立 | "Life-taking Judge" 催命判官 | Reconnaissance | Commander | tavern owner | Luzhou (present-day Hefei, Anhui) | 36 |  | died of wounds | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 97 | 61 | Detective Star 地察星 | Li Yun 李雲 | "Green Eyed Tiger" 青眼虎 | Logistics | Construction Supervisor | constable | Yishui County, Shandong | 43 | sabre |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 98 | 62 | Evil Star 地惡星 | Jiao Ting 焦挺 | "Faceless" 沒面目 | Infantry | Commander | wrestler | Zhongshan Prefecture (around present-day Dingzhou, Hebei) | 67 |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 99 | 63 | Ugly Star 地丑星 | Shi Yong 石勇 | "Stone General" 石將軍 | Infantry | Commander | gambler | Daming Prefecture (present-day Daming County, Hebei) | 35 |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 100 | 64 | Number Star 地數星 | Sun Xin 孫新 | "Little Yuchi" 小尉遲 | Reconnaissance | Commander | tavern owner | Qiongzhou (present-day Hainan) | 49 |  | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | ||
| 101 | 65 | Yin Star 地陰星 | Gu Dasao 顧大嫂 | "Female Tiger" 母大蟲 | Reconnaissance | Commander | tavern owner | Dengzhou (present-day Penglai, Shandong) | 49 |  | "Lady of Dongyuan County" 東源縣君[8] | ||
| 102 | 66 | Execute Star 地刑星 | Zhang Qing 張青 | "Gardener" 菜園子 | Reconnaissance | Commander | tavern owner | Mengzhou, Henan | 17 | .jpg) | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 103 | 67 | Strong Star 地壯星 | Sun Erniang 孫二娘 | "Female Yaksha" 母夜叉 | Reconnaissance | Commander | tavern owner | 17 |  | killed in action | "Lady of Jingde Commandery" 旌德郡君[8] | ||
| 104 | 68 | Inferior Star 地劣星 | Wang Dingliu 王定六 | "Living Goddess of Lightning" 活閃婆 | Reconnaissance | Commander | tavern owner | Jiankang Prefecture (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) | 65 |  | died of wounds | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 105 | 69 | Healthy Star 地健星 | Yu Baosi 郁保四 | "God of the Dangerous Road" 險道神 | Infantry | Chief Flag-bearer | outlaw | Qingzhou, Shandong | 68 |  | killed in action | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 106 | 70 | Rat Star 地耗星 | Bai Sheng 白勝 | "Daylight Rat" 白日鼠 | Infantry | Commander | gambler | Anle Village, Yuncheng County, Shandong | 16 |  | illness | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] | |
| 107 | 71 | Thief Star 地賊星 | Shi Qian 時遷 | "Flea on a Drum" 鼓上蚤 | Infantry | Commander | thief, tomb raider | Gaotangzhou (present-day Gaotang County, Shandong) | 46 | podao | _(BM_2008,3037.10030).jpg) | illness | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
| 108 | 72 | Hound Star 地狗星 | Duan Jingzhu 段景住 | "Golden-haired Hound" 金毛犬 | Infantry | Commander | horse thief | Zhuozhou, Hebei | 60 |  | drowning | "Righteous Gentleman of Integrity" 義節郎[8] |
References
edit- ↑ Mark Edward Lewis (2008). The Lady of Linshui Pacifies Demons A Seventeenth Century Novel. Translated by Brigitte Baptandier. Stanford University Press. pp. 110, 132. ISBN 9780804746663.
- ↑ Klaas Ruitenbeek (1998). Carpentry and Building in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Fifteenth-century Carpenter's Manual, Lu Ban Jing. Brill. p. 106. ISBN 9789004105294.
- ↑ Liu Ts'un-yan (Liu Cunren) (1962). Buddhist and Taoist Influences on Chinese Novels: The authorship of the Feng shen yen i, being a thesis approved for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the University of London, 1957. Translated by Brigitte Baptandier. Kommissionsverlag, O. Harrassowitz. pp. 110, 132.
- ↑ Hsia, C.T. C. T. Hsia on Chinese Literature. Columbia University Press, 2004 (ISBN 0231129904), pp. 448-449, footnote #31
- ↑ Børdahl, Vibeke. The Oral Traditions of Yangzhou Storytelling. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1996 (ISBN 0-7007-0436-1)
- ↑ Wang, Yun Heng (汪运衡) and Xiao Yun Long (筱云龙). Tie Bei Jin Dao Zhou Tong Zhuan (铁臂金刀周侗传 - "Iron Arm, Golden Sabre: The Biography of Zhou Tong"). Hangzhou: Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1986 (UBSN --- Union Books and Serials Number) CN (10103.414) and 464574
- ↑ (in Chinese) Cha, Louis. The Legend of the Condor Heroes, Chapter 1. Hong Kong Commercial Daily, 1957.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 Shi Nai'an. "Chapter 119". Water Margin (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 June 2026.
- ↑ Shi Nai'an. "Chapter 120". Water Margin (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 June 2026.
- Li, Mengxia (1992). 108 Heroes from the Water Margin (in Chinese). EPB Publishers. ISBN 9971-0-0252-3.
External links
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